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132 For outputs, including both process indicators and result indicators is useful. Process indicators reflect whether the product or service foreseen in the output statement was completed or delivered. Result indicators reflect whether the product or service is bringing about intended changes (e.g., the level of usage or user satisfaction). 3) Establish baselines and targets against which progress will be measured. Baseline information can be taken from assessments and other reliable sources. If necessary, this baseline information can be gathered at the start of the implementation. Each indicator and result should have at least one time-bound and realistic target. 4) Identify risks and assumptions. Identifying risks that may delay or derail progress toward the intended results—and clarifying the underlying assumptions in the programme design—enables precautionary actions to prevent problems. The need for flexibility in M&E may have budget/resource implications, which can be addressed in the risks and assumptions. 5) Develop an M&E framework and strategy. In a simple, accessible format (usually a matrix), the M&E framework provides the intended results, indicators (with baselines and indicative targets), planned M&E events and data collection methods, timing of M&E activities, responsible parties, required resources, and risks, assumptions, and mitigation measures. The M&E strategy should identify the required financial and human resources for M&E, which issues will be addressed through ongoing monitoring, and which issues, if any, require in-depth evaluations. If evaluations are conducted, the M&E strategy will include an evaluation plan that indicates the timing and objectives. The strategy also indicates how data will be analyzed and how findings will be presented and to whom. The strategy should provide for the selection of monitors with conflict and gender sensitivity, using national capacity to the extent possible, and identify any training that the monitors may need. The monitoring process generally includes the following steps: 1) Collect monitoring data. Ensure regular collection of data to monitor progress throughout the programme cycle in accordance with the results framework and M&E strategy. 2) Compile the data. Compile the monitoring data at regular, planned time intervals in an accessible format for use in programme decision making and sharing of lessons learned. 3) Disseminate the data. Regularly disseminate monitoring data to programme decision makers (e.g., the project manager) and other stakeholders. 4) Update the risks and assumptions. The evaluation process generally includes the following steps: 1) Before the evaluation, define the evaluation objectives, calculate the costs, identify the intended audience, and determine the timeframe for the evaluation. Prepare the Terms of Reference accordingly, and recruit the evaluation team. 2) During the evaluation, provide logistical and administrative support to the evaluation team (e.g., relevant documents and the identification of key interviewees). 3) After the evaluation, oversee the quality of the evaluation report, ensure its dissemination to key stakeholders (which may require translation), ensure that the findings are used to inform ongoing and planned programme development and policy advocacy, and ensure that findings are available to inform global knowledge on livelihoods and economic recovery programming. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
133 7.5.4 Partnerships for M&E The key partners for effective M&E are local and national government authorities, representatives of stakeholder groups, national statistical offices or observatories that collect data for use in national planning (where they exist), donors, other agencies working on livelihoods and economic recovery, and civil society organizations (often including universities). Involving representatives of all key stakeholders, including target communities, in all stages of the M&E process can help to reduce tensions, and is crucial to the perceived neutrality of UNDP and the programme or project in question. Engagement with the U.N. agencies and other humanitarian or development partners in joint assessments, data sharing, and joint M&E, is often valuable. References and suggested further reading: Participatory planning, monitoring, and evaluation • ILO and the Cluster Working Group on Early Recovery. “Tracking progress and performance (M&E)” in Local Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict: Guidelines. 2010. • UNDP BCPR. BCPR M&E Checklist for project/ programme formulation. (Available on UNDP CPR Workspace.) • UNDP BCPR. Compendium No. 1: Guidelines for Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation in Conflict Prevention and Recovery Settings. • UNDP. Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development Results. 2009. • UNDP. M&E tools. (Available on UNDP CPR Workspace.) • UNDP. Programme and Operations Policies and Procedures (POPP), section on Results Management and Accountability. • UNDP. UNDP Evaluation Policy. • United Nations Evaluation Group. Standards for Evaluation in the UN System. 2005. • Women’s Refugee Commission. Building Livelihoods: A Field Manual for Practitioners in Humanitarian Settings. May 2009. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
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54 tion and transportation infrastr
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Mosquito net production in Tanzania
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60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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62 4.1.2 (b) Identification of targ
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64 Apprenticeship opportunities sho
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66 have a conflict of interest with
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68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
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70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
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72 4.2.3 (b) Suggested intervention
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74 into a “fund for inclusive fin
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76 4.2.3 (c) Monitoring and evaluat
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78 legally binding agreements that
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80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
Page 92 and 93: Rehabilitation programme (photo by
Page 94 and 95: 84 5.1 capacity development Support
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Page 98 and 99: 88 enabled by a secure environment.
Page 100 and 101: 90 terms of foreign exchange; at th
Page 102 and 103: 92 government officials. Such decis
Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
Page 106 and 107: 96 policy issues involve the protec
Page 108 and 109: 98 • Strengthening the capacity o
Page 110 and 111: Women Enterpreneurship in DRC (Phot
Page 112 and 113: 102 6.1 Gender Equality and Women
Page 114 and 115: 104 Gender and the assessment proce
Page 116 and 117: 106 Table 6.1. Example of outputs,
Page 118 and 119: 108 Conflict and disaster tend to w
Page 120 and 121: 110 example is the belief in some s
Page 122 and 123: 112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
Page 124 and 125: 114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
Page 126 and 127: 116 Box 6.4. Profiling for Liveliho
Page 128 and 129: 118 in ways that do no harm—bears
Page 130 and 131: Ex-Combatant running a successful r
Page 132 and 133: 122 Box 7.1. Fundamental principles
Page 134 and 135: 124 policymakers to support program
Page 136 and 137: 126 References and suggested furthe
Page 138 and 139: 128 References and suggested furthe
Page 140 and 141: 130 mobilization. When formulating
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Page 146 and 147: 136 GUIDE ON LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOM
Page 148 and 149: 138 UNDP. “Role of UNDP in Crisis
Page 150 and 151: 140 Community infrastructure consis
Page 152 and 153: 142 Inclusive economic growth aims
Page 154 and 155: 144 Payments for ecosystem services
Page 156 and 157: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
Page 158 and 159: 148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
Page 160 and 161: 150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
Page 162 and 163: 152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
Page 164 and 165: 154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
Page 166 and 167: 156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
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