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mobilization. When formulating a project or programme, UNDP should develop an M&E
system in close collaboration with national counterparts and other stakeholders in accordance
with the UNDP Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development
Results. Effective M&E requires that budgets and staffing plans reflect adequate human
and financial resources for this purpose. UNDP can conduct the M&E exercises, or t such
exercises can be undertaken jointly with other partners.
Like all other aspects of programming in crisis and post-crisis situations, M&E must be
conflict, disaster-risk, and gender sensitive, and t must also contribute to national ownership
and capacity development. Conflict sensitivity in M&E requires (a) ensuring that a
conflict analysis and/or other relevant assessments are regularly updated so that changes
in the context can be reflected in programme implementation; (b) regularly assessing
how interventions, including M&E, interact with the context (e.g., their effect on social
tensions); and (c) making adjustments as needed to maximize positive impacts and avoid
negative impacts. The security of both staff and stakeholders must be constantly factored
into all decisions, including timing and methods of data collection, based on careful risk
analysis. Maintaining a big picture perspective is necessary to avoid a situation in which
livelihood interventions are successful in their own terms but fail to contribute positively
to overall conflict prevention and disaster risk reduction.
This section provides definitions of key terms, outlines the main steps, and addresses
partnerships in the M&E process for livelihoods and economic recovery programming in
crisis and post-crisis settings. References to prescriptive content, guidance, and additional
resources on M&E are provided at the end of the section.
7.5.2 Definitions
Planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, outlining implementation
arrangements, and allocating resources to achieve the established goals. Effective
programme planning starts with higher-level results (e.g., those envisioned in national
development plans, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), U.N. Development Assistance
Frameworks (UNDAFs), and the UNDP Strategic Plan). The intended outcomes and
outputs of a programme or project should contribute to these higher-level objectives.
In crisis settings, good planning is critical to ensure that programming supports peacebuilding
and disaster risk reduction as well as livelihood-specific objectives.
Results are the describable or measurable development changes resulting from a causeand-effect
relationship. UNDP interventions address different levels of results, as follows:
a) Impacts are actual or intended changes in human development (e.g., poverty levels of
women reduced). Impacts are the highest level of results.
b) Outcomes are actual or intended short- to medium-term changes in development
conditions to which a number of stakeholders, including UNDP, seek to contribute
(e.g., inclusive economic policies to promote enhanced economic opportunities for
women business owners drafted and implemented).
c) Outputs are short-term development results (e.g., local authorities in districts A, B, and
C supported to rehabilitate local markets and promote business opportunities for
women). Outputs are products and services produced by project activities, using
resources provided by UNDP.
Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations