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Box 6.4. Profiling for Livelihoods and Reintegration in Côte d’Ivoire
An extensive profiling campaign of ex-combatants took place in Côte d’Ivoire in 2008-2009 with the involvement of multiple stakeholders, including civil
society. Extensive media coverage added credibility to the process. With support from UNDP, the profiling campaign identified all ex-combatants who were
eligible to participate in reintegration programmes and enabled these ex-combatants to express their aspirations on their return to civilian life. Unfortunately,
post-election violence has interrupted progress toward implementing a DDR programme. The profiling exercise has provided critical information, however,
for the reintegration of ex-combatants into sustainable, productive activities once implementation becomes possible.
Box 6.5. Livelihoods of women associated with armed forces and groups in the Republic of Congo
In the Republic of Congo, women who were associated with armed groups were often also victims of sexual assault and other kinds of violation. Many of
these women were reluctant to come forward for fear of further stigmatization in Congolese society. On the margins of the official DDR programme, UNDP
is providing technical and financial support for interventions so as to address this problem. These interventions support the creation of new livelihood opportunities
jointly for vulnerable women, including women formerly associated with armed groups. Female program beneficiaries are not required to reveal
details of their past lives.
References and suggested further reading:
Employment and income generation for excombatants
and those formerly associated
with armed forces and groups
• Boyer, Glaucia and Adrienne Stork. The
Interface between Natural Resources and
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration:
Enhancing Human Security in Post-Conflict
Settings. Volume 4: Livelihoods and Natural
Resources in Post-conflict Peacebuilding, in
Strengthening Post-conflict Peacebuilding
through Natural Resource Management. Published
in partnership by the Environmental
Law Institute, UNEP, IUCN, and the University
of Tokyo. 2012.
• ILO. Guidelines for the Socio-Economic Reintegration
of Ex-Combatants. 2009.
• ILO. Local Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict.
2010.
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden. Stockholm
Initiative on Disarmament Demobilisation
Reintegration: Final Report and Background
Studies. 2006.
• United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group
(IAWG) on Disarmament, Demobilization and
Reintegration (DDR). Integrated Disarmament,
Demobilization and Reintegration Standards.
2006.
• United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group
(IAWG) on Disarmament, Demobilization and
Reintegration (DDR). Operational Guide to
the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization
and Reintegration Standards. 2006.
• UNDP. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
of Ex-Combatants. Practice Note.
2006.
• UNDP. How to Guide – Monitoring and Evaluation
for Disarmament, Demobilization and
Reintegration Programmes. 2009.
programme’s objectives. Coordination and regular information sharing among stakeholders
enables the avoidance of duplication and/or gaps in programming.
National governments are ultimately responsible for the establishment and oversight of
DDR programmes, and consequently their capacity, commitment, and sense of ownership
are critical factors for successful program delivery. National and international NGOs often
serve as effective implementing partners or responsible parties in DDR programmes.
These NGOs can provide vocational and skills training and help to create employment
opportunities. The involvement of the private sector will help to ensure the success and
sustainability of training programmes and placement services. Participants in the private
sector will ultimately drive the creation of employment and income during the recovery
process.
Coordinated programme planning and implementation among U.N. agencies at both
headquarters and the country level are essential for resource mobilization and programme
effectiveness. UNDP and the U.N. Department of Peacekeeping Operations co-chair the
Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR, and UNDP and ILO co-chair its sub-working group
on reintegration.
In mission environments with a United Nations DDR mandate, the lead responsibility
for DDR falls to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) with the support
of the Resident Coordinator/Humanitarian Coordinator. The SRSG convenes an incountry
DDR task force with the participation of all relevant U.N. and non-U.N. agencies.
In non-mission contexts, the Resident Coordinator/Humanitarian Coordinator has the
responsibility for DDR coordination within the U.N. system, and is expected to establish a
U.N. Country Team DDR task force, drawing on U.N. and non-U.N. agencies with relevant
experience and capacity.
For additional information on reintegration and livelihoods for ex-combatants and
members associated with armed forces and groups, please see discussion paper
31. “Employment and Income Generation for Ex-combatants and those formerly associated
with armed forces and groups: Reintegration into civilian life and access to livelihoods in Annex.
Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations