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14 2.1 What information does a livelihoods and economic recovery assessment provide? This section provides an overview of the type of information that it is useful to obtain during a livelihoods and economic recovery assessment. It considers information related to the livelihood assets of individuals, households, and communities (subsection 2.2.1), the local economy (subsection 2.2.2), “macro” issues and macro-micro linkages (subsection 2.2.3), and conflict and disaster risk (subsection 2.2.4). Again, every situation is different, and the range of information that will be available, relevant, and feasible to obtain will inevitably vary. An “appreciative inquiry” approach is suggested, wherein the assessment transcends identifying problems and needs to highlight existing strengths, local solutions, local capacities and assets. Such an approach will help to identify and support durable solutions for crisis-affected people. All information should be disaggregated to the extent possible, so that the livelihood needs and opportunities of women, children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups can be analyzed. Ideally, the information collected during the assessment will address trends in the situation before, during, and after the crisis with indications of what can be expected in the future. 2.1.1 Livelihood assets of individuals, households, and communities Information on the livelihood assets of individuals, households, and communities (sometimes collected in a separate “livelihoods assessment”) can be classified according to the six capital assets introduced in Chapter 1: human, natural, physical, political, financial, and social assets. The collected information will enable the analysis of both inter-household (community) dynamics and intra-household (family) dynamics. A participatory process involving crisis-affected people is necessary in order to obtain a genuine profile of livelihood assets. The following are indicative types of information to be collected for each type of capital asset: Human capital assets Skill levels and educational attainment The extent to which local skills match the needs of existing or emerging local businesses Knowledge base and local use of science and technology Livelihood aspirations Access to food, education, and health care 5 Natural capital assets Environmental conditions in which people live and work Natural resource management issues affecting livelihoods (e.g., land tenure, disputed natural resources) 5 While other U.N. agencies have lead responsibility for programming related to food, education, and health care, these issues are relevant to human capital as a livelihood asset and need to be taken into account. Physical capital assets Access to adequate housing Access to safe water and sanitation Access to and use of infrastructure (roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, agriculture systems, etc.) Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
15 Financial capital assets Access to finance, including microcredit Coping and adaptive strategies for responding to financial shocks (e.g., drawing down savings, borrowing from friends, relatives, or money-lenders, and selling or trading assets) Social capital assets Participation in social groups and networks that provide support (financial or psychosocial), e.g., community-based organizations, NGOs, faith-based organizations, women’s organizations, and extended family networks. Perceived levels of safety and security Political/governance capital assets Access to and participation in government decision-making processes Gender relations and power structures influencing control over decision making within households, communities, and the wider society Access to judicial systems and security sector institutions. The information collected on the various livelihood indicators can be pulled together into profiles of individuals, households, and communities, revealing who and where the crisis-affected people are, their existing livelihood strategies, the factors constraining their access to livelihoods, their livelihood opportunities, and the areas where external support could be most effective in helping such individuals to rebuild and strengthen their livelihoods. 2.1.2 Local economy Information on the local economy can be grouped into data related to the business environment, markets for goods and services, and labour markets. Some of this information may be collected in a separate “economic recovery assessment” and/or “market analysis,” providing that the data collection is coordinated and complementary. 6 The following are indicative types of information to be collected for each group of data related to the local economy: Business environment Sectoral structure of the local economy Degree of innovation, as evidenced in firms’ start-up and closure and the prevalence and growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises Characteristics of the political economy, such as dominant and marginalized groups, rent-seeking behaviour, and the existence of cartels and other forms of market power Formal rules (e.g., licensing requirements) and informal rules (e.g., social norms influencing transactions) in market systems Land ownership structure, access to land and security (for both women, men and youth) Views of local business owners regarding constraints to and opportunities for investment and economic growth, including views expressed on government regulation and public service delivery Challenges and opportunities to move toward a green economy through involvement of local enterprises Suitability of local infrastructure for sustainable economic growth Overall economic competitiveness of geographic areas Linkages between the local, national and regional economies 6 For further information on market analysis, see Box 2.1 and Annex. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
Page 1 and 2: UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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Page 6 and 7: ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
Page 8 and 9: iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
Page 10 and 11: Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
Page 12 and 13: 2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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Page 16 and 17: 6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
Page 18 and 19: 8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
Page 20 and 21: 10 equality and women’s empowerme
Page 22 and 23: Community Meeting with Future Strat
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Page 30 and 31: 20 A livelihoods and economic recov
Page 32 and 33: 22 face. Communities can agree with
Page 34 and 35: Crop Production for food security (
Page 36 and 37: 26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
Page 38 and 39: 28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
Page 40 and 41: 30 The implementing partner recruit
Page 42 and 43: 32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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Page 46 and 47: 36 Emergency employment projects pr
Page 48 and 49: 38 References and suggested further
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Page 52 and 53: 42 cially important when a financia
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Page 56 and 57: 46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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Page 62 and 63: 52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
Page 64 and 65: 54 tion and transportation infrastr
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64 Apprenticeship opportunities sho
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66 have a conflict of interest with
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68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
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70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
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72 4.2.3 (b) Suggested intervention
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74 into a “fund for inclusive fin
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76 4.2.3 (c) Monitoring and evaluat
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78 legally binding agreements that
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80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
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Rehabilitation programme (photo by
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84 5.1 capacity development Support
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86 lawyers, prosecutors, and/or gov
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88 enabled by a secure environment.
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90 terms of foreign exchange; at th
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92 government officials. Such decis
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94 • Support to national justice
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96 policy issues involve the protec
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98 • Strengthening the capacity o
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Women Enterpreneurship in DRC (Phot
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102 6.1 Gender Equality and Women
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104 Gender and the assessment proce
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106 Table 6.1. Example of outputs,
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108 Conflict and disaster tend to w
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110 example is the belief in some s
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112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
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114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
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116 Box 6.4. Profiling for Liveliho
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118 in ways that do no harm—bears
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Ex-Combatant running a successful r
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122 Box 7.1. Fundamental principles
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124 policymakers to support program
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126 References and suggested furthe
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128 References and suggested furthe
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130 mobilization. When formulating
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132 For outputs, including both pro
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Men and Women Cleaning the Rubble a
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136 GUIDE ON LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOM
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138 UNDP. “Role of UNDP in Crisis
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140 Community infrastructure consis
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142 Inclusive economic growth aims
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144 Payments for ecosystem services
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146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
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148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
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150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
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152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
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154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
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156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
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Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in
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