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104 Gender and the assessment process. Gender sensitivity is essential in the design and implementation of the livelihoods and economic recovery assessment (see Chapter 2). Depending on the time and resources available at the time of the initial, overall assessment, gender issues may be mainstreamed within the assessment and/or a specific gender analysis may be undertaken. Updated gender-related information will be needed throughout programming so adjustments can be made in order to respond appropriately to gender dynamics in the crisis or post-crisis environment. All assessment data and updates should be disaggregated by sex, social group, age, and ability so that special needs and the potential for social exclusion can be identified. To ensure that women are available, safe, and comfortable to participate in the assessment, care is needed in the selection of the time of day and location for surveys and interviews. Also, since women are hesitant to speak in public (particularly with men) in many cultures, the use of trained women facilitators is often important for gaining access to women and engaging them in discussion. To enable gender-sensitive programming, the assessment needs to capture the livelihood issues, opportunities, barriers, strategies, and aspirations of women, men, boys, and girls. The various ways that these individuals experience and cope with the crisis or post-crisis situation will be relevant for the assessment. Some of the key areas for gender analysis are as follows: • Gender roles and responsibilities in the household • Gender relations at the community level • Female and male participation in the labour force and their contributions to the economy (local and national) • The policy, legal, and regulatory framework and bureaucratic procedures that impact on access by women and men to livelihood assets • Social and cultural norms and practices that affect gender rights, including those restricting women’s engagement in the public domain, their ability to travel, their interactions with men, and their participation in livelihood programmes • The prevalence of sexual and gender-based violence, local measures in place to address such violence, and coping strategies that are in place • Goods and services where women and men are involved, or could be involved, in various parts of the value chain. Gender considerations in the design and implementation of interventions. The design and implementation of interventions should always take into account the nature of gender roles and relationships in the particular context. Interventions that were effective in other countries or crisis or post-crisis situations may not be suitable in others. The following are some lessons learned about the process of designing and implementing gender-sensitive interventions: • Focus group discussions with women and girls—including those from marginalized groups—are a useful tool for obtaining their input on the design of interventions and the mechanisms for implementation. Trained women facilitators are often most effective in facilitating these discussions. • Women should be equally represented in planning committees, and they should hold decision-making positions in the implementation of projects and programmes. Even women with limited literacy or numeracy skills can be effective leaders in development work. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
105 • Engaging men and boys is important both so that programming can address their particular needs and concerns and so that these men and boys can become champions of gender equality. Promoting women’s economic empowerment. Post-crisis situations create opportunities for social transformation, including the empowerment of women. Ensuring that women have better access to and control over livelihood assets is central to progress in this direction. Key livelihood assets for women’s empowerment include skills and education, health and nutrition, information, technology, basic infrastructure, natural resources, and financial services. Focusing on three core dimensions of women’s economic empowerment can enhance the effectiveness of livelihoods and economic recovery programming in this area: 60 1) Economic opportunity (e.g., expanding employment and entrepreneurship, prioritizing domestic energy recovery and development, promoting decent and productive work, and improving access to finance and markets) 2) Legal status and rights (e.g., enabling women to claim their rights to property, inheritance, and land and to have improved conditions of employment) 3) Voice, inclusion and participation (e.g., developing mechanisms to enhance women’s involvement in decision-making bodies). Improving women’s access to the labour market is especially important. Women’s participation in the labour market contributes to pro-poor growth, 61 and earning an income can increase a woman’s role in household decision-making. Interventions that aim to promote the economic empowerment of women should draw upon the existing knowledge, skills, and economic activities of both women and men. Areas of intervention that have been successful in this regard in crisis and post-crisis situations include the following: • Value chain analysis with a gender lens to illuminate the goods and services where women are already involved or could be involved • Support for childcare services and security mechanisms in crisis-affected communities and at vocational training facilities or workplaces • Facilitation of women’s access to microfinance • Promotion of women’s groups and support for the development of their organizational and advocacy skills • Awareness-raising activities that promote positive female role models and dispel negative stereotypes. The table below provides indicative outputs, indicators, and activities for a hypothetical programme or project to enhance women’s economic empowerment in a crisis or post-crisis situation. Intended outputs and activities are always tailored to the particular context. Annual targets also need to be defined. 60 See UNDP. Innovative Approaches to Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment. Paper for the partnership event on September 25, 2008: MDG3 – Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women – A Prerequisite for Achieving all MDGs by 2015. 2008. 61 Costa, J & Silva E. (2008). Eliminating gender inequalities reduces poverty. International Poverty Centre, Brasilia DF, Brazil. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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48 References and suggested further
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
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Page 78 and 79: 68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
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Page 90 and 91: 80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
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Page 100 and 101: 90 terms of foreign exchange; at th
Page 102 and 103: 92 government officials. Such decis
Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
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Page 108 and 109: 98 • Strengthening the capacity o
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Page 122 and 123: 112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
Page 124 and 125: 114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
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Page 128 and 129: 118 in ways that do no harm—bears
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Page 142 and 143: 132 For outputs, including both pro
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Page 152 and 153: 142 Inclusive economic growth aims
Page 154 and 155: 144 Payments for ecosystem services
Page 156 and 157: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
Page 158 and 159: 148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
Page 160 and 161: 150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
Page 162 and 163: 152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
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154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
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156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
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Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in
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