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118 in ways that do no harm—bears particular mention. A scarcity of livelihood assets and opportunities typically affects the communities in which displaced persons wish to reintegrate as well as the displaced persons themselves. Social tensions can result, as people seek to pursue livelihoods in these settings. Adhering to the principle of conflict sensitivity therefore requires that the reintegration of displaced persons and appropriate livelihood interventions address the needs and priorities of the community as a whole, while also taking into account both the government’s primary responsibility for the reintegration of displaced persons and the political sensitivity that reintegration may pose, especially when the government has been a party to conflict or is otherwise implicated in the causes of displacement. Programming for local-level early recovery must take every opportunity to reduce future risk and strengthen the potential for long-term resilience. The reintegration of displaced persons and the assessment process. The overall livelihoods and economic recovery assessment (see Chapter 2) will provide information that is relevant to the development of interventions for the reintegration of displaced persons and their livelihoods. Supplementary data gathering may be needed in order to ensure an adequate profile of the needs, priorities, skills, and aspirations of displaced persons and host community members, to identify viable livelihood opportunities in the areas where displaced persons reintegrate, and to assess the capacities of potential implementing partners. Regular updating of the assessment data will enable programme implementation so as to respond to changes in the local context. Developing interventions for the reintegration of displaced persons and their livelihoods. Once agreement on needs and priorities is reached among the key stakeholders, a participatory process of designing interventions can begin. This process requires building consensus on a long-term vision and strategic focus, with a defined timeframe upon which all stakeholders agree. Livelihood interventions should contribute to a blueprint for long-term recovery and development in line with national plans and strategies. Responsiveness and flexibility in the design of such a blueprint will enable adaptation to local changes, ensuring that interventions remain appropriate, relevant, and effective. Interventions typically involve marketable skills development, the creation of livelihood opportunities, and the matching of displaced persons and host community members to those opportunities. The skills appropriate to the area in which displaced persons reintegrate may differ substantially from those that were acquired during displacement or those suitable to their places of origin and the pre-crisis environment. Figure 6.1 above illustrates an employment strategy that links the development of marketable skills, the development of livelihood opportunities, and the matching of participants with those opportunities. (See Chapter 4 of this Guide for information on vocational and skills training, job placement, and inclusive private sector development.) Coordination structure and management arrangements. While overall coordination of interventions for the reintegration of displaced persons and their livelihoods should be led by the national government, local coordination is critical. A local coordination structure, with the participation of all local stakeholders, should be set up as early as possible. This structure can be new, or it can build upon existing structures that are effective and acceptable to all stakeholders. The establishment of management arrangements should take into account the limited capacities that potential implementing partners and responsible parties are likely to have in areas of return and reintegration, from which many individuals have migrated or, indeed, where many have been killed. Provisions for capacity development and external capacity support are particularly important in these settings. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
119 Outputs Output 1: Livelihoods and economic opportunities of returnees and host community members, especially women and youth, improved Output 2: Capacity of returnee and host communities and local authorities for recovery, peacebuilding, and risk reduction strengthened Output 3: Peacebuilding and social cohesion in areas of return improved Activities • Undertake livelihoods and economic recovery assessments • Facilitate community participatory mobilization processes • Provide short-cycle skills training and placement • Rehabilitate community roads, bridges, markets and other key infrastructure using community contracting, cash for work, and start-up grants and packages; provide training on infrastructure maintenance • Provide start-up grants and packages for cash crop production and small agricultural processing • Facilitate formation of “business for peace” forums • Introduce alternative energy technology in areas of return • Mobilize and train community members to actively participate in peace-building and recovery; provide life skills training • Support community organizations to form local networks for recovery planning; establish community peace committees where possible • Undertake a capacity needs assessment for support to reintegration and recovery in target areas; facilitate development of a multistakeholder capacity development strategy; provide related capacity development services • Provide community-based disaster-risk management training; provide training and emergency equipment to the national disaster management authority • Support e-governance initiatives linking IDPs, returnees, and host communities to state information via mobile phones • Assess recreational interests and opportunities among youth; map coaching and mentoring opportunities; identify partners to organize art/athletic competitions; provide equipment and rehabilitate recreational facilities • Facilitate the formation of youth environmental corps for environmental management initiatives, including “green jobs for peace” • Undertake participatory analysis of conflict dynamics and local peace capacities; initiate awareness raising, sensitization, and training of stakeholders accordingly • Strengthen or establish agreed platforms for dispute resolution • Provide seed funding for community-based peace and gender empowerment initiatives For additional information on the reintegration of displaced persons and their livelihoods, please see discussion paper 32. The reintegration of displaced persons and livelihoods in Annex. Table 6.3. Example of outputs and activities fora reintegration initiative for displaced persons 69 References and suggested further reading: Reintegration of displaced persons and their livelihoods • Castles, Stephen and Nicholas Van Hear, et al. “Developing DFID’s Policy Approach to Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons.” Volume 1: Consultancy Report and Policy Recommendations. Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. February 2005. • IASC. Guidelines for Field Staff for Promoting Reintegration in Transition Situations. 2003. • IASC. Mise en Oeuvre de l’Action Concertée Face aux Situations de Déplacement Interne: Directive pour les Coordinateurs Humanitaires et/ ou Résidents et les Equipes de Pays des Nations Unies. 2004. • UNDG. Guidance Note on Durable Solutions for Displaced Persons. 2004. • UNDP. Lessons Learned in Crises and Post-conflict Situations: The Role of UNDP in Reintegration and Reconstruction Programmes. 2003. • UNDP. “Mandate and Strategies Regarding Internal Displacement—United Nations Development Programme.” 2003. • UNDP Evaluation Office. Sharing New Ground in Post-Conflict Situations: The Role of UNDP in Support of Reintegration Programmes. 2000. • UNHCR. Framework for Durable Solutions for Refugees and Persons of Concern. May 2003. • World Bank. Forced Displacement – The Development Challenge. Social Development Department. December 2009. 69 Adapted from the section of UNDP’s Annual Work Plan 2011 on interventions for recovery, peace, and development in Pakistan’s Federally Administrated Tribal Areas. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
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54 tion and transportation infrastr
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Mosquito net production in Tanzania
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60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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62 4.1.2 (b) Identification of targ
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64 Apprenticeship opportunities sho
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66 have a conflict of interest with
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Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
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