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140 Community infrastructure consists of “low-cost small scale infrastructures built over time through community-led initiatives according to the needs and aspirations of the population in the community. These micro infrastructures are socially, economically and operationally linked to community lives and livelihood options, ensure basic services to its population and are thus conceived as critical lifelines for survival of the populations in the community.” 76 Community security refers to the condition in which communities and their members are ‘free from fear’ and ‘free from want.’ It encompasses both group security (i.e., protection against the breakdown of communities/groups that provide members with a shared identity and value system) and personal security (e.g., including threats from the state, other states, other non-state groups, gangs, or individuals, including threats to women, children or self). Community security and social cohesion was developed by UNDP as “a programmatic approach that integrates security and development interventions. It brings together a wide range of state and civil society actors to identify the causes of insecurity and to develop a coordinated response to them at the community level, and an enabling environment at the national level. It emphasizes participatory assessments, planning and accountability and seeks to improve service delivery, reduce social exclusion, enhance relations between social groups and strengthen democratic governance.” 77 Conditional cash transfer programmes provide direct cash transfers, and at times, certain in-kind transfers (e.g., goods and services) to carefully targeted populations living in extreme poverty, in exchange for certain conditions, or behaviours. Such behaviours help to contribute to human development, including: sending their children to school and ensuring that they receive health checkups and vaccinations, as well as attendance by heads of households at health and hygiene talks, and the use of maternal care services. A conflict analysis is a mechanism that is designed to view a range of relevant factors in a comprehensive and structured way to better understand the dynamics of a conflict, and its varying degrees of impact on communities, governments, institutions and systems. A Conflict-Related Development Analysis (CDA) is a tool used to provide conflictsensitive guidance for development programming. The CDA identifies the key structural causes of conflict through a participatory, consensus-building, geographically disaggregated and development-focused methodology. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is defined in this Guide as “a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.” 78 76 UNDP. Guidance for Community Infrastructure Sector. 2009. 77 UNDP BCPR. Community Security and Social Cohesion: Towards a UNDP Approach. December 2009. 78 European Commission. “Corporate Social Responsibility.” EC Enterprise and Industry: Sustainable and Responsible Business. http://ec.europa.eu/ enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/index_en.htm A damage needs assessment is the process of identifying infrastructure that needs to be rehabilitated and/or built following a crisis. A disaster risk assessment (DRA) is an analysis of potential hazards and the damage caused by natural and man-made disasters, and the likelihood of that damage being faced by target communities and ecosystems. A DRA is a starting point of disaster risk management. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
141 Economic recovery “is the process of stimulating the growth of an area’s local economy through market development, strengthening new and existing enterprises, and job creation in the private sector and public institutions, including reconstructing needed infrastructure that will allow for trade and commerce to take place in local, national, regional and international markets.” 79 Economic recovery involves post-crisis sustained growth “at significantly higher than historical rates, and should be accompanied by significant employment creation and by action to reduce severe horizontal inequalities.” 80 Economic recovery following conflict or disaster should be a transformative process of building back both better and differently, which requires “a mix of far-reaching economic, institutional, legal and policy reforms” upon which to build self-sustaining development. 81 An economic recovery assessment (ERA) assesses key indicators covering a broad range of issues relating to post-crisis economic recovery and economic growth, and identifies major constraints, trends and opportunities for strengthening growth and reducing poverty in such environments. An ERA is based on an examination of key economic, conflict and social indicators. Employment is defined here as a decent work situation that enables an individual to earn enough to maintain their own and/or their household’s needs above a reasonable poverty line. Entrepreneurial development comprises any private activity conducted with the purpose of generating income and maximizing profits through innovation and with a positive impact on—or at the very least, no negative consequences for—the socioeconomic well-being of the community. Evaluation is a rigorous and independent assessment of ongoing or completed activities to determine the extent to which such activities are achieving, or have achieved, stated objectives. Food-for-work (FFW) interventions provide food in lieu of cash as compensation forwork recovery programmes. Food-for-work programmes are sometimes more appropriate than cash-for-work programmes in cases where markets may not be functional, cash might contribute to inflation, cash may fuel social unrest or conflict, or where women may be at increased risk of gender-based violence or other harm due to the possession of cash. Governance is “the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a country’s affairs at all levels.” 82 Green jobs are those that contribute to environmental and ecological preservation and sustainability, and are defined as work that contributes “substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality….This includes jobs that help to protect and restore ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials and water consumption through high-efficiency and avoidance strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution.” 83 Green sector development involves efforts by the public and private sectors, the government, NGOs, UN partners, community-based organizations (CBOs), local communities and other stakeholders to link development (e.g., infrastructure, provision of social services and public utilities, and natural capital interventions) to environmental and biodiversity conservation for tangible social and economic benefits to communities. 79 Women’s Refugee Commission. Building Livelihoods: A Field Manual for Practitioners in Humanitarian Settings. May 2009, p.342. 80 UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. Post-Conflict Economic Recovery: Enabling Local Ingenuity. 2008, p.5. www.undp.org/cpr/we_do/ eco_recovery.shtml 81 Ibid. 82 UNDP. Governance for Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policy Document. Glossary of key terms, http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ glossary.htm 83 UNEP, ILO, IOE and ITUC. Green Jobs: Towards decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world. September 2008, pp.35-36. http://www.ilo.org/ global/What_we_do/Publications/Newreleases/ lang--en/docName--WCMS_098503/index.htm Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
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54 tion and transportation infrastr
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Mosquito net production in Tanzania
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60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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62 4.1.2 (b) Identification of targ
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64 Apprenticeship opportunities sho
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66 have a conflict of interest with
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68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
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70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
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72 4.2.3 (b) Suggested intervention
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74 into a “fund for inclusive fin
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76 4.2.3 (c) Monitoring and evaluat
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78 legally binding agreements that
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80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
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Rehabilitation programme (photo by
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84 5.1 capacity development Support
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86 lawyers, prosecutors, and/or gov
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88 enabled by a secure environment.
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Page 102 and 103: 92 government officials. Such decis
Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
Page 106 and 107: 96 policy issues involve the protec
Page 108 and 109: 98 • Strengthening the capacity o
Page 110 and 111: Women Enterpreneurship in DRC (Phot
Page 112 and 113: 102 6.1 Gender Equality and Women
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Page 116 and 117: 106 Table 6.1. Example of outputs,
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Page 120 and 121: 110 example is the belief in some s
Page 122 and 123: 112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
Page 124 and 125: 114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
Page 126 and 127: 116 Box 6.4. Profiling for Liveliho
Page 128 and 129: 118 in ways that do no harm—bears
Page 130 and 131: Ex-Combatant running a successful r
Page 132 and 133: 122 Box 7.1. Fundamental principles
Page 134 and 135: 124 policymakers to support program
Page 136 and 137: 126 References and suggested furthe
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Page 140 and 141: 130 mobilization. When formulating
Page 142 and 143: 132 For outputs, including both pro
Page 144 and 145: Men and Women Cleaning the Rubble a
Page 146 and 147: 136 GUIDE ON LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOM
Page 148 and 149: 138 UNDP. “Role of UNDP in Crisis
Page 152 and 153: 142 Inclusive economic growth aims
Page 154 and 155: 144 Payments for ecosystem services
Page 156 and 157: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
Page 158 and 159: 148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
Page 160 and 161: 150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
Page 162 and 163: 152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
Page 164 and 165: 154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
Page 166 and 167: 156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
Page 171 and 172: Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in
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