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6 UNDP’s experience has shown that programmes for community livelihoods recovery can fail to create sustainable results when they are insufficiently linked to national policy and institutional development, when they start late, and when they lack a preventive component. In all of the strategic interventions it supports—even those that aim for rapid recovery in crisis and post-crisis situations—UNDP strives for long-term inclusive and sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and MDG achievement. 1.3 The Guide’s Approach to Livelihoods and Economic Recovery in Crisis and Post-Crisis Situations 1.3.1 Overall approach Adapted from UNDP’s Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (1996), the Guide’s overall approach to livelihoods and economic recovery in crisis and post-crisis situations is illustrated in Figure 1.1. The outcomes to be achieved are economically and environmentally sustainable livelihoods for crisis-affected people and inclusive economic growth. When achieved, these outcomes provide a foundation for development and contribute to peace-building and stability, poverty reduction, and MDG progress. The entry points are the various strategies and interventions undertaken in order to achieve the outcomes. For effectiveness, the entry points must be well coordinated, complementary to other practice areas and appropriately sequenced. The entry points must also give priority to crosscutting issues related to gender equality and women’s empowerment, youth, disaster risk reduction, conflict prevention and peace-building, human rights, and the environment. Good governance and private sector recovery are the drivers of sustainable livelihoods and inclusive economic growth. The governance driver includes the policy framework, the rule of law, security, macroeconomic management, local governance, and the empowerment of civil society and communities. The private-sector driver includes trade and investment, financial services, and technology. The entry points and drivers influence the roles and effectiveness of one another. Box 1.1. Area-based development programming In situations in which a particular geographical area has unique or specific problems, an area-based development approach is often appropriate. Area-based development is an integrated, inclusive, participatory, and flexible approach which fosters partnerships between local authorities and citizens, and builds local capacities and linkages among actors at the local level. At the same time, area-based development feeds into national processes of policy and institutional reform. Crises often create situations in which the populations of certain areas are particularly disadvantaged. Geographical isolation, the location of a disaster, and the need for reintegration of IDPs and ex-combatants are some of the factors that may lead to vulnerability in a crisis-affected area. While area-based development programmes are always tailored to the particular local context, they do have the following features in common: • Their main activities take place within well-defined geographical areas. • They target the population of areas as a whole rather than targeting particular sectors or groups. • They are driven by priorities identified by local communities; their design and implementation follow a participatory approach. • Organizations that were already active in the area (e.g., local governments, community-based organizations, local NGOs, and/or local private entities) are involved in implementation. • They have decentralized management systems that are designed for both flexibility and accountability • They are coordinated with all development and humanitarian programmes that operate in the target area. Typical components of an area-based development programme include (a) policy and institutional reform, (b) public administration and participatory governance, (c) community empowerment, (d) rehabilitation of basic infrastructure and services, and (e) local economic development. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
7 The conflict/disaster risk filter is the process of ensuring that the selected entry points will have a positive impact on crisis-affected people, create resilience, and address the root causes of crises. Successful livelihoods and economic recovery programmes can create a virtuous cycle wherein outcomes stimulate drivers or become drivers themselves. For example, when inclusive economic growth is realized, it fuels further investment and gives people a vested interest in governance and growth-sustaining policies. The revival of growth also raises expectations, creates confidence, and stimulates market participation among people previously forced to adopt highly conservative coping strategies as the result of a crisis. Such a phenomenon, in turn, stimulates inclusive economic activity. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS AND INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH OUTCOMES Figure 1.1 Sustainable Livelihoods and Economic Recovery: Overall Approach CONFLICT AND DISASTER-RISK FILTER INTERVENTIONS/STRATEGIES FOR CRISIS AND POST-CRISIS SITUATIONS Livelihoods stabilization (“Track A”) Local economic recovery for medium- to long-term employment, income generation, and reintegration (“Track B”) Long-term employment creation and inclusive economic growth (“Track C”) Crosscutting priorities: Gender equality and women’s empowerment, disaster risk reduction, conflict prevention and peace building, human rights, national ownership, and the environment ENTRY POINTS GOOD GOVERNANCE (Including policy framework, the rule of law, security, macroeconomic management, local governance, national ownership process, and civil-society and community empowerment) PRIVATE SECTOR RECOVERY (Including trade & investment, financial services, & technology) DRIVERS Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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Page 8 and 9: iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
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78 legally binding agreements that
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80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
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86 lawyers, prosecutors, and/or gov
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92 government officials. Such decis
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102 6.1 Gender Equality and Women
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110 example is the belief in some s
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112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
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114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
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116 Box 6.4. Profiling for Liveliho
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118 in ways that do no harm—bears
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Ex-Combatant running a successful r
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122 Box 7.1. Fundamental principles
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124 policymakers to support program
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128 References and suggested furthe
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130 mobilization. When formulating
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132 For outputs, including both pro
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136 GUIDE ON LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOM
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138 UNDP. “Role of UNDP in Crisis
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140 Community infrastructure consis
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142 Inclusive economic growth aims
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144 Payments for ecosystem services
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146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
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148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
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150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
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152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
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154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
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156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
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Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in
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