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144 Payments for ecosystem services (PES) is a market scheme in which communities and individuals can earn revenue through preserving the aspects of ecosystems that ensure healthy services, such as rivers, wetlands, waterways, stable slopes and forests. Planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, outlining implementation arrangements, and allocating resources to achieve the desired goals. A political economy analysis “aims to situate development interventions within an understanding of the prevailing political and economic processes in society—specifically, the incentives, relationships, distribution and contestation of power between different groups and individuals—all of which greatly impact on development outcomes. Such an analysis can support more effective and politically feasible donor strategies, as well as more realistic expectations of what can be achieved, over what timescales, and the risks involved.” 86 Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are formal collaborative arrangements between public institutions, private sector entities, UN agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society organizations (CSOs), community-based organizations (CBOs) and less formal stakeholder groups. Remittances are defined as “income or goods received by individuals or households from other parties who live elsewhere,” 87 and typically consist of money that migrants earn abroad and send to their families at home, through formal transfers (i.e., banks and transfer operators) or informal transfers (i.e., sent through social or unofficial channels). 86 Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC). “Political economy analysis.” www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/political-economy-analysis 87 Women’s Refugee Commission. “Leveraging Remittances.” Chapter in Building Livelihoods: A Field Manual for Practitioners in Humanitarian Settings. May 2009, pp.256. 88 UNDP BCPR. Strengthening the Rule of Law in Conflict- and Post-Conflict Situations. A Global UNDP Programme for Justice and Security 2008-2011. 2008, p.30. http://www.undp.org/cpr/documents/ jssr/rol_final_apr09.pdf See also, UN Security Council. The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies. Report of the Secretary-General. S/2004/616. August 23, 2004, p.4. www.un.org/en/ruleoflaw/ 89 Jørgensen, Steen Lau and Julie Van Domelen. Helping the Poor Manage Risk Better: The Role of Social Funds. Social Protection Discussion Paper Series. Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network. World Bank. 1999, p.1. The rule of law “refers to a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the state itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. The rule of law also requires measures to ensure adherence to the principle of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness, and procedural and legal transparency.” 88 Social capital comprises the social resources—in the form of networks, membership and social relations—that function as meansthrough which to coordinate action, and as assets that people draw upon for their livelihood outcomes. Social cohesion refers to the reduction of disparities, inequalities and social exclusion within or between communities, as well as the strengthening of social relations, interactions and ties. There is a strong link between social cohesion and community security as social exclusion and inequalities often provide a motivation for violent mobilization or for victimization of vulnerable groups, or are associated with crime and other forms of interpersonal violence. Social funds are defined as “agencies that finance projects in several sectors targeted to benefit a country’s poor and vulnerable groups based on a participatory manner of demand generated by local groups and screened against a set of eligibility criteria.” 89 Social funds have their own staff, governance structure and financing policies. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
145 Start-up grants are seed grants or capital that help to reestablish or jump-start an income generation activity or entrepreneurial endeavour. Start-up packages are the provision of tools and small-scale equipment, and inputs such as seeds and materials, training and technical assistance needed to engage in a livelihoods activity. Start-up packages are also known as start-up packs, or start-up kits. Sustainable livelihoods recovery is the process of building and developing strategies, assets and capabilities required for recovery and development. Underemployment refers to a situation in which a person may be working full-time but earning income that is insufficient to support their own and/or their household’s needs above the poverty line. This kind of employment is often characterized by involuntary employment; low productivity due to technology constraints or limited skills and knowledge; inconvenient venues; engagement in a sector/product line declining in market importance; and lack of production inputs. Unemployment is the lack of any wage-earning work. A value chain is a full cycle of business activities and relationships involved in creating and selling a final product or service, from raw materials to a final market. 90 Value chain analysis (VCA) is the analysis of various participants along the value chain, their activities, and existing policies, institutions and processes (PIPs) affecting value chain development. VCA includes the analysis of: value chain mapping; governance; global benchmarking and competition; inter-firm relationships; conflict sensitivity and risk assessment; and constraints and opportunities. Value chain development (VCD) is a tool and an approach that addresses the ways in which products can have added value by upgrading strategic sub-sectors so that they can be integrated into larger value chains. 91 Value chain development offers opportunities to create new end markets at multiple entry points. Value chain selection is a decision-making process that should be undertaken to “determine and rank the competitiveness potential of a select group of value chains” 92 that will maximize positive impact for crisis-affected people and target groups. Vocational and skills training (VST) aims to prepare individuals for productive participation in the labour market by providing them with useful skills and the knowledge required for particular occupations. VST providers and institutions may offer both classroom-based and hands-on training. The vulnerability/crisis context represents forces in the external and internal crisis environments that involve shocks, stresses and other trends that increase vulnerability and heighten risk. These conditions can limit an individual, a household, a community, a city, a country or even an ecosystem’s capacity to anticipate, manage, resist or recover from the impact of a crisis, other threats, stress and/or trends. 90 ITC/ILO. “Enterprise Development Through Value Chains and Business Service Markets.” http://marketdev.itcilo.org/ 91 Value chain analysis. http://www.capacity.org/en/ journal/practice_reports/value_chain_analysis 92 USAID microLINKS Value Chain Development Wiki. “Value Chain Selection.” http://apps.develebridge.net/amap/index.php/Value_Chain_Selection Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
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54 tion and transportation infrastr
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Mosquito net production in Tanzania
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60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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62 4.1.2 (b) Identification of targ
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64 Apprenticeship opportunities sho
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66 have a conflict of interest with
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68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
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70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
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72 4.2.3 (b) Suggested intervention
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74 into a “fund for inclusive fin
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76 4.2.3 (c) Monitoring and evaluat
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78 legally binding agreements that
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80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
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84 5.1 capacity development Support
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86 lawyers, prosecutors, and/or gov
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88 enabled by a secure environment.
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90 terms of foreign exchange; at th
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92 government officials. Such decis
Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
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Page 108 and 109: 98 • Strengthening the capacity o
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Page 124 and 125: 114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
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Page 130 and 131: Ex-Combatant running a successful r
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Page 156 and 157: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
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Page 160 and 161: 150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
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Page 164 and 165: 154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
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