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Payments for ecosystem services (PES) is a market scheme in which communities and
individuals can earn revenue through preserving the aspects of ecosystems that ensure
healthy services, such as rivers, wetlands, waterways, stable slopes and forests.
Planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, outlining implementation
arrangements, and allocating resources to achieve the desired goals.
A political economy analysis “aims to situate development interventions within an
understanding of the prevailing political and economic processes in society—specifically,
the incentives, relationships, distribution and contestation of power between different
groups and individuals—all of which greatly impact on development outcomes. Such
an analysis can support more effective and politically feasible donor strategies, as well
as more realistic expectations of what can be achieved, over what timescales, and the
risks involved.” 86
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are formal collaborative arrangements between
public institutions, private sector entities, UN agencies, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), civil society organizations (CSOs), community-based organizations (CBOs) and
less formal stakeholder groups.
Remittances are defined as “income or goods received by individuals or households
from other parties who live elsewhere,” 87 and typically consist of money that migrants
earn abroad and send to their families at home, through formal transfers (i.e., banks and
transfer operators) or informal transfers (i.e., sent through social or unofficial channels).
86 Governance and Social Development Resource
Centre (GSDRC). “Political economy analysis.”
www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/political-economy-analysis
87 Women’s Refugee Commission. “Leveraging Remittances.”
Chapter in Building Livelihoods: A Field
Manual for Practitioners in Humanitarian Settings.
May 2009, pp.256.
88 UNDP BCPR. Strengthening the Rule of Law in Conflict-
and Post-Conflict Situations. A Global UNDP
Programme for Justice and Security 2008-2011.
2008, p.30. http://www.undp.org/cpr/documents/
jssr/rol_final_apr09.pdf See also, UN Security
Council. The rule of law and transitional justice in
conflict and post-conflict societies. Report of the
Secretary-General. S/2004/616. August 23, 2004,
p.4. www.un.org/en/ruleoflaw/
89 Jørgensen, Steen Lau and Julie Van Domelen.
Helping the Poor Manage Risk Better: The Role of
Social Funds. Social Protection Discussion Paper
Series. Social Protection Unit, Human Development
Network. World Bank. 1999, p.1.
The rule of law “refers to a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions
and entities, public and private, including the state itself, are accountable to laws that
are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which
are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. The rule of law also
requires measures to ensure adherence to the principle of supremacy of law, equality
before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation
of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness,
and procedural and legal transparency.” 88
Social capital comprises the social resources—in the form of networks, membership
and social relations—that function as meansthrough which to coordinate action, and as
assets that people draw upon for their livelihood outcomes.
Social cohesion refers to the reduction of disparities, inequalities and social exclusion
within or between communities, as well as the strengthening of social relations, interactions
and ties. There is a strong link between social cohesion and community security
as social exclusion and inequalities often provide a motivation for violent mobilization
or for victimization of vulnerable groups, or are associated with crime and other forms
of interpersonal violence.
Social funds are defined as “agencies that finance projects in several sectors targeted
to benefit a country’s poor and vulnerable groups based on a participatory manner of
demand generated by local groups and screened against a set of eligibility criteria.” 89
Social funds have their own staff, governance structure and financing policies.
Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations