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108 Conflict and disaster tend to worsen this situation. Decent work opportunities decline as local economies contract. Vocational training institutions and their materials may be damaged or destroyed, and qualified teaching staff and tutors are often in short supply. Moreover, like others in the population, youth often become displaced and may face linguistic and other barriers to employment in an unfamiliar environment. The economic empowerment of youth is fundamental to successful programming for livelihoods and economic recovery. Youths Planting Seeds (Photo by UNDP Kenya) 6.2.2 Programming in support of youth employment Programming for youth employment seeks to enhance the productivity, innovation, and resourcefulness of youth and to help young individuals to understand the central role they play in rebuilding their societies and reviving their local economies. Effectiveness requires integrating interventions that serve several purposes: • Enhancing the market-oriented skills of youth (addressing labour supply) • Facilitating the creation of employment opportunities for youth (addressing labour demand) • Facilitating job placement and successful business start-ups (matching labour supply and demand) • Promoting improvements in working conditions. Figure 6.1 depicts a youth employment strategy that captures these priorities. This strategy was recently developed in Sierra Leone, where previous employment strategies were predominantly supply-focused. As a result, many trained young people were unable Figure 6.1. Programme approach for youth employment and decent work Vision: Decent Work and Gainful (self or wage) Employment for Youth (Drawn from the Draft Youth Employment Program Proposal for Sierra Leone. ILO, October 2009.) Labour supply (Employability) Labour demand (Employment Opportunities) Formal and non-formal (basic) education: • Functional literacy • Personal and social skills/ life skills Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET): • Labour-market oriented skills development • Apprenticeships • Entrepreneurial skills Empowerment/ social inclusion of youth: • Access to employment Matching of supply and demand Private Sector Development: • Business-friendly environment/ positive investment climate • Promotion of self-employment and business start-up schemes/ Business Development Services • Public Private Partnerships • Promotion of agricultural businesses/ value chains • Access to finance Public Works Programmes: • Labour-intensive infrastructure • Food for Work/ Training for Work • Developing a labour market information system • Career guidance/ consultancy and placement services • Setting up incentives for employers to hire youth • Improving labour market regulations to reduce entry barriers for youth • Alignment and revision of other policy areas (agricultural policy, youth policy, …) Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
109 to find employment or to start their own livelihood activities. The new strategy aims to create over 100,000 jobs per year. 62 Crosscutting priorities in promoting youth employment. Gender sensitivity, inclusiveness, and conflict and disaster-risk sensitivity are essential in programming for youth employment. Female and male youth are likely to face different requirements and concerns. Gender equality in the workplace requires attention to provisions for equal pay, protections from sexual and gender-based violence and harassment, and childcare and other support for young heads of households. Special consideration is needed to ensure that youth in marginalized communities or groups, such as those with disabilities and those from minority ethnic groups, have equal employment opportunities. Supporting the transition from military to civilian livelihoods is a particular concern for youth; this issue is addressed in section 6.3 below. Youth employment and the assessment process. The livelihoods and economic recovery assessment (see Chapter 2) is usually the initial source for information on how the crisis has affected youth. Supplementary data gathering may be needed in order to provide a clear profile of the youth employment situation, the underlying causes of youth unemployment and underemployment, and the opportunities, constraints, and aspirations of youth in the recovery process. Ideally, the following information on youth— disaggregated by sex, age, geographical location, education level, and ethnicity—will be collected and regularly updated during programme implementation: • Unemployment and underemployment • Income and expenditures • Sectors of employment or income generation • Access to resources for enhancing employment and income-generating opportunities, including credit, technology, vocational and skills training, and advisory support • Policy and/or regulatory barriers to self-employment • Factors influencing labour force participation and the type of employment or income generation activities pursued, including actual or anticipated income levels; family or peer pressure; seasonality of activities; and special gender-related needs or risks. Creating an enabling policy, regulatory, and socio-cultural environment for youth employment. Policy and regulatory reforms can contribute to an expansion of youth employment and income generation. The following are examples of the types of reform that may be needed: • Relaxing the tax regime for youth start-ups • Facilitating access to financial services for youth • Facilitating access to markets and linkages with large enterprises (e.g., through subcontracting) • Strengthening the vocational training curriculum and investing in training capacity • Investment in technology, infrastructure, and services that enhance youth learning and knowledge exchange, such as youth ICT centers • Investment in improved health and safety conditions in workplaces, with sensitivity to gender equality, HIV/AIDS, and disability. Some socio-cultural environments perpetuate beliefs and associations that discourage youth from potentially important avenues of employment and income generation. An 62 Sierra Leone Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. Youth Employment Scheme (YES). Mid- Term Review of 2009 Projects: Commonalities, Innovation and Employment Potential. 2009. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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52 Box 3.5. Summary of timesaving a
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54 tion and transportation infrastr
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Page 70 and 71: 60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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Page 74 and 75: 64 Apprenticeship opportunities sho
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Page 78 and 79: 68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
Page 80 and 81: 70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
Page 82 and 83: 72 4.2.3 (b) Suggested intervention
Page 84 and 85: 74 into a “fund for inclusive fin
Page 86 and 87: 76 4.2.3 (c) Monitoring and evaluat
Page 88 and 89: 78 legally binding agreements that
Page 90 and 91: 80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
Page 92 and 93: Rehabilitation programme (photo by
Page 94 and 95: 84 5.1 capacity development Support
Page 96 and 97: 86 lawyers, prosecutors, and/or gov
Page 98 and 99: 88 enabled by a secure environment.
Page 100 and 101: 90 terms of foreign exchange; at th
Page 102 and 103: 92 government officials. Such decis
Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
Page 106 and 107: 96 policy issues involve the protec
Page 108 and 109: 98 • Strengthening the capacity o
Page 110 and 111: Women Enterpreneurship in DRC (Phot
Page 112 and 113: 102 6.1 Gender Equality and Women
Page 114 and 115: 104 Gender and the assessment proce
Page 116 and 117: 106 Table 6.1. Example of outputs,
Page 120 and 121: 110 example is the belief in some s
Page 122 and 123: 112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
Page 124 and 125: 114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
Page 126 and 127: 116 Box 6.4. Profiling for Liveliho
Page 128 and 129: 118 in ways that do no harm—bears
Page 130 and 131: Ex-Combatant running a successful r
Page 132 and 133: 122 Box 7.1. Fundamental principles
Page 134 and 135: 124 policymakers to support program
Page 136 and 137: 126 References and suggested furthe
Page 138 and 139: 128 References and suggested furthe
Page 140 and 141: 130 mobilization. When formulating
Page 142 and 143: 132 For outputs, including both pro
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Page 146 and 147: 136 GUIDE ON LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOM
Page 148 and 149: 138 UNDP. “Role of UNDP in Crisis
Page 150 and 151: 140 Community infrastructure consis
Page 152 and 153: 142 Inclusive economic growth aims
Page 154 and 155: 144 Payments for ecosystem services
Page 156 and 157: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
Page 158 and 159: 148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
Page 160 and 161: 150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
Page 162 and 163: 152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
Page 164 and 165: 154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
Page 166 and 167: 156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
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Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in
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