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Macro-economic policies comprise monetary and fiscal policy, as well as policies
related to trade.
The Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) approach develops business models
that are more inclusive of the poor, and strengthens markets so as to be more beneficial
for the poor.
A market analysis is defined here as a market profiling exercise that utilizes the results
from a market assessment, a labour market assessment (LMA) and a value chain analysis
(VCA) to inform livelihood and economic recovery interventions.
A market assessment is a diagnostic tool that identifies current, recent and pre-crisis
market conditions and trends; supply and demand for goods and services; the characteristics
and bottlenecks of supply and value chains; the impacts of crisis on markets; the viability
of various income-generating opportunities, occupations and business development;
and the extent of access and barriers for crisis-affected populations.
A market profile is a composite of the results from a market assessment, which analyses
four key characteristics: 1) market structure and key supply and value chains, along with
labour market assessment data; 2) market competitiveness; 3) market accessibility and
spatial integration; and 4) the institutional environment and processes, including government
policies and regulations.
Markets are complex systems that include institutions, infrastructure, social relations and
networks, and involve processes whereby goods and services are exchanged.
Microfinance is the provision of microcredit, savings, remittances and other financial
services for poor or crisis-affected individuals that can enable them to engage in selfemployment
and livelihood activities.
The term military livelihood is used in this Guide to describe access to assets and
income generation activities by combatants while in armed forces (e.g., regular armies)
and armed groups (e.g., irregular groups or militias).
Monitoring can be defined as the ongoing process by which stakeholders obtain regular
feedback on the progress being made towards achieving their goals and objectives. For
UNDP, the focus of monitoring is on tracking progress towards development results rather
than activities or deliverables.
Natural capital comprises the goods and services gathered or produced by nature and
ecosystems, including wood, soil, minerals, water, harvested and farmed food. Livelihoods
can be derived directly from natural capital through agriculture, fisheries, agroforestry,
forestry, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), mining, water and waste management, and
other income generation activities.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach and method that emphasizes “local
knowledge and enable[s] local people to make theirown appraisal, analysis, and plans.
PRA uses group animation and exercises to facilitate information sharing, analysis, and
action among stakeholders.” 85
85 World Bank. The World Bank Participation
Sourcebook: Appendix 1: Methods and Tools. Cited
in Women’s Refugee Commission. Building Livelihoods:
A Field Manual for Practitioners in Humanitarian
Settings. May 2009, p.31.
Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations