Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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P O S T E R S self-administer it following an anticipatory tone. Ensemble responses to unexpected and expected stimuli were recorded from gustatory cortex (GC) and from two high order areas connected with GC and involved in the processing of expectations - orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA). We found that general expectation optimizes the representation of gustatory information in GC; specifically, self administered stimuli produce taste-specific responses at a latency at which passively delivered tastes do not. The improvement in taste classification correlates with an increase in the number of taste responsive neurons and is related to a subset of cells whose activity is modulated by anticipatory cues. This tone-related activity was further investigated to address its associative nature. Finally, simultaneous recordings in GC, OFC and BLA were used to track the flow of bottom-up and top-down information related to expectation. The results of this analysis show a strong flow of information that ascends from GC to both AM and OFC in the case of passive deliveries and a robust top-down flow to GC that occurs in the case of expected tastes. These results emphasize the importance of behavioral states, and specifically expectation, in modulating sensory responses and the balance between bottomup and top-down dynamics. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIDCD R01-DC010389 and the Klingenstein Fund to AF #P294 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TASTE; PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Interaction Between Top-down and Bottom-up Synaptic Potentials in the Insular Cortex of Anesthetized Rats Martha E Stone, Arianna Maffei, Alfredo Fontanini Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA Basic taste stimuli have intrinsic psychological dimensions that are coded in the time-course of neural responses in insular cortex (gustatory cortex - GC). One such dimension, hedonic value, appears to emerge in GC via top-down modulation by the basolateral amygdala (BLA). While the importance of BLA in modulating gustatory cortical function has been well established, the nature of this input onto GC neurons is largely unknown. Conflicting results from extracellular recordings point to either excitatory or inhibitory effects. Here, we use an anesthetized rodent preparation to directly test the hypothesis that BLA can evoke time-varying - both excitatory and inhibitory - responses in GC. The time course of BLA-evoked synaptic potentials and their influence on GC responses to inputs from the gustatory thalamus (GTh) were directly studied using intracellular recording techniques. Electrical stimulation of BLA evoked in GC neurons a post-synaptic potential (PSP) that resulted from a combination of short and long-latency components. An initial, likely monosynaptic, glutamatergic potential is followed by a multisynaptic, GABAergic hyperpolarization. This pattern differs from that observed with thalamic stimulation. To test the influence of amygdalar inputs on the processing of bottom-up signals, the effects of BLA stimulation on GTh-evoked PSP were studied. As predicted by the dynamic nature of amygdala-evoked potentials, the final effects of BLA stimulation depended upon the timing of the two stimuli. These experiments provide the first description of BLA synaptic inputs to GC and reveal that amygdalar afferents can modulate gustatory cortical network activity and its processing of sensory information via time-varying synaptic dynamics. Acknowledgements: NIDCD 1R01- DC010389 #P295 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TASTE; PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Parametric evaluation of the time course of PKMzeta inhibitor effectiveness Yaihara Fortis-Santiago, Joshua Figueroa, Emma Reid, Donald B. Katz Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA Recently it has been suggested that infusions of a Protein Kinase M (PKM) zeta inhibitor (Zip) into gustatory cortex (GC) 3 days following training erases long term consolidated memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). In preparation for upcoming electrophysiological examinations, we are performing a parametric analysis of the time window over which Zip infusions into GC effectively impair CTA retrieval—that is, we are studying the effect of this PKM zeta inhibitor on consolidation and reconsolidation of CTA memories. We found that Zip injected into the Gustatory Cortex (GC) as early as 48 hours post-training erases consolidated memories. In contrast, Zip injected into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) at that time-point left learning intact, and GC injections made 44 hours post training were similarly ineffective. Moreover, the impact of Zip injected into GC 2 hours after a reminder/extinction trial was weaker than injection 2 hours before that trial, suggesting that Zip causes only a moderate disruption of CTA reconsolidation. Taken together, these experiments provide a comprehensive picture of the waxing and waning (and waxing again) processes of Long Term Potentaition (LTP) consolidation. Acknowledgements: DC 006666 #P296 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TASTE; PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Umami and Saltiness: do they play with the same rules in the match of tastes? – an fMRI study Emilia Iannilli 1 , Bano Singh 1,3 , Benno Schuster 1 , Johannes Gerber 2 , Basile N. Landis 1,4 1 Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School Dresden, Germany, 2 Department of Neuroradiology, University of Dresden Medical School Dresden, Germany, 3 Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway, 4 Departments of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Geneva Medical School and Geneva University Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland In this study, using block-design fMRI methodology, we intended to compare the cerebral processing of salt taste (NaCl) with umami taste, and also to investigate the controversy about the ipsi- or controlarality of the gustatory system. Stimuli were presented at suprathreshold concentration and delivered using a gustometer through the subject mouth. The sequence was presented in a session of 6 repetitions on/off -block per stimulus and per side; 24 healthy subjects participated. The BOLD signal (blood oxygenation level dependent) in every subject was detected by means of a 1.5 T scanner. fMRI data analysis was implemented in SPM5 (p
MSG on NaCl is evidently highlighted in the limbic lobe. On the contrary the positive effect of NaCl on MSG elicited activations in areas more common to taste perception. The conjunction analysis revealed common activated areas for the two tastants in the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, but also in secondary taste areas. With regard to lateralization within the gustatory system, the BOLD contrast for the MSG stimulus was significantly bigger on the right side of the brain when the stimulus was presented to the left side as compared to the right side presentation of the stimulus. Moreover the opposite contrast for MSG highlighted only few brain areas including the left orbitofrontal cortex. The contrary appeared when the stimulus was NaCl. This result suggests a contralaterality of the brain response to the MSG stimuli but an ipsilaterality for the NaCl stimuli whit a strong and general right sided lateralization of the brain for saltiness. #P297 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TASTE; PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Electrical neuroimaging of gustatory perception in humans Kathrin Ohla, Julie Hudry, Johannes le Coutre Nestlé Research Center Lausanne, Switzerland Questions of how in general, and where and when in particular, gustatory percepts are represented in the human brain remain largely unanswered despite decades of research. Electrical neuroimaging of gustatory perception has been hampered by difficulties with stimulus control because recording of eventrelated brain electrical responses (electroencephalography, EEG) requires temporally precise stimulus presentation to obtain good summation of the signal across trials. This is difficult to achieve with flowing stimuli in solution. Aim of this study was to investigate cortical response patterns of gustatory perception over time. For this, a gustometer, which met the requirements for the recording of event-related responses, was employed to present bitter, salty, sour, sweet and umami solutions to human volunteers while EEG was recorded. Taste qualities were identified equally well by panelists. Intensity and pleasantness judgements, however, varied between participants. Brain responses were analyzed with respect to their time courses, spatial distributions and neuronal generators. We present series of stable maps (microstates) for each tastant and we show overlaps between tastants and point out differential activation patterns. Moreover, we show that these response patterns varied between participants thus bearing important implication for the grand-averaging technique commonly used in EEG research. Finally, we report the neuronal generators of each stable map, which comprised areas previously associated with the processing of taste and food-related stimuli. In particular the insular cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex are involved. The findings are discussed in the framework of current knowledge on gustatory perception in the human brain. #P298 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TASTE; PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Multiple Neuronal Subpopulations emerge from the Olfactory Placode During Development Alexandra M. Miller 1, 3, 4 , Lydia R. Maurer 1 , Charles A. Greer 1,2,3 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA, 2 Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA, 3 Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (INP) New Haven, CT, USA, 4 Medical Scientist Training Program New Haven, CT, USA During olfactory development a migratory mass (MM) (Valverde et al., 1992) forms in the mesenchyme as cells and axons exit the olfactory placode (OP) and begin to approach the nascent olfactory bulb (OB). Subpopulations of cells, collectively termed MM cells, emerge including ensheathing cells, odor-receptor (OR) expressing cells, and OMP+ cells from the main olfactory epithelium (OE), and GnRH+ cells from the vomeronasal (VNO) organ (Valverde et al. 1992; Conzelmann & Breer 2002; Schwanzel-Fukuda 1999; Miller et al. unpublished data). As the axons extend across the basal lamina, beginning at embryonic day (E) 10, they join and interdigitate among the MM cells. Elsewhere in the nervous system pioneer neurons may serve as guideposts for later extending axons (i.e. Zimmer et al., 2010); the cells of the MM may function similarly in olfactory nerve development. We tested the hypothesis that molecular diversity, or spatial-temporal patterning of the MM cells, contribute to the ongoing coalescence of subpopulations of OSN axons as they extend toward the developing OB. We show that by E12 the MM cells are heterogeneous, containing subpopulations distinct from those described (such as the GnRH+ and OMP+ cells) and migrating from both the main OE and the VNO. Expression patterns are complex, but occur in combinatorial phenotypes that can include expression of: MAP2, OMP, DNER, GnRH, DCX, Lectins, NQO1, and CXCR4. The diversity among the MM cells may be related to the heterogeneity of the OSN axons, each of which expresses only 1 of ~1,200 ORs and converge with like-axons. It is plausible to hypothesize that the subpopulations of OSN axons rely on specific subsets of MM cells to provide the intermediate cues that influence axon organization and trajectory as they approach the developing OB. Acknowledgements: Generously supported by NIH/NIDCD/NIA #P299 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TASTE; PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Development of a Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Model for Neurogenesis and Localization of RARa and RARg in these Cells FaMitah Q. Buchanan 1 , Elvin A. Woodruff III 2 , Cecile Rochette-Egly 3 , Mary Ann Asson-Batres 1 1 Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, USA, 2 Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA, 3 Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire Strasbourg, France P O S T E R S Our laboratory has shown that vitamin A-deficient (VAD) postnatal rats have significantly reduced numbers of mature olfactory neurons (ORNs). VA is a precursor for retinoic acid (RA), a growth factor that positively influences embryonic development and cell differentiation. It is hypothesized that Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s) Abstracts | 125
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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We are pleased to announce that sev
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#1 GIVAUDAN LECTURE Normal and Canc
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and against delta ENaC is being pur
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#13 SYMPOSIUM - GENETICS OF HUMAN O
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#19 SYMPOSIUM - CILIA, SENSORY DYSF
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#26 PLATFORM PRESENTATIONS - POLAK
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esponse selectivity for both OSNs a
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elicit glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP
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contrast, changing the concentratio
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of OBPs, we have systematically sup
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whereas mouse and joystick reaction
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS #P1 POSTER SES
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PROP strips and PROP solutions. PAV
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#P11 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGIN
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TGI. The present study investigated
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delivered in the scanner intra-oral
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a universal odor descriptor map. Ho
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acetate or ethyl butyrate v/v in mi
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#P54 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTORY P
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hours later, the levels of prolifer
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extrusion from OSNs. We are charact
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anchor of ‘strongest sensation of
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cells within gustatory papillae, we
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excite menthol- and/or CA-sensitive
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gene, HMBS was used. All primers we
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oom, without time keeping devices,
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#P113 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY
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decreasing of endogenous volatiles
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Page 151 and 152: Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
Page 153 and 154: Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
Page 155 and 156: Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
Page 157 and 158: Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
Page 159 and 160: Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
Page 161 and 162: See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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