Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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#29 SYMPOSIUM - SENSORY INTEGRATION AND COMPETITION Smelling sounds: olfactory–auditory sensory convergence in the olfactory tubercle Daniel W. Wesson 1,2 , Donald A. Wilson 1,2 1 Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA, 2 New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA The olfactory code is influenced by numerous factors, including behavioral state, odor-sampling patterns and cross-modal sensory convergence. Growing evidence supports the view that primary olfactory cortical regions are not unimodal, but instead represent information from several sensory modalities – providing a substrate for sensory convergence early in olfactory processing. Adding to previous reports of both gustatory and visual influences on the cortical processing of odors, here we report novel findings revealing that the olfactory code is subject to auditory cross-modal influences. In vivo extracellular recordings from the olfactory tubercle, a tri-laminar structure within the basal forebrain, of anesthetized mice revealed that olfactory tubercle single-units selectively respond to odors – with 65% of units showing significant odor–evoked activity. Remarkably, 19% of olfactory tubercle single-units also showed robust responses to an auditory tone. Furthermore, 29% of single-units tested displayed supra-additive or suppressive responses to the simultaneous presentation of odor and tone, suggesting crossmodal modulation. In contrast, olfactory bulb units did not show significant responses to tone presentation, nor modulation of odor-evoked activity by tone – suggesting a lack of olfactoryauditory convergence upstream from the olfactory tubercle. Thus, the tubercle presents itself as a source for direct multimodal convergence within an early stage of odor processing, and may serve as a seat for psychophysical interactions between smells and sounds. Acknowledgements: NIDCD grant DC003906 to D.A.W. #30 SYMPOSIUM - SENSORY INTEGRATION AND COMPETITION Multisensory stimulation modulates perceptual ratings and neuronal activity Jessica Albrecht 1 , Jay A. Gottfried 2,3 , Johan N. Lundstrom 1,4,5 1 Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2 Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA, 3 Department of Psychology, Northwestern University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences Chicago, IL, USA, 4 Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA, 5 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden Over the last few decades, sensory perception and its neurobiological substrates have been extensively studied. However, up until recently, most of this research has focused on only one modality in isolation, thus standing in sharp contrast to how we experience multimodal stimuli in our everyday lives. Multimodal sensory experiences, such as seeing, hearing, and smelling a coffee brewer or a popcorn machine, have the behavioral advantage of being more easily identifiable than unimodal stimuli alone. The aim of this series of studies was to investigate the perceptual and neural correlates of multisensory integration using behavioral testing and event-related functional MRI. We used odors, short videos, and sounds originating from six distinct stimulus objects, evenly split between positive and negative percepts. Congruent as well as incongruent stimulus combinations were administered to allow for comparison of the unimodal sensation with the multimodal combination of the stimuli. The behavioral results show that perceptual ratings of multisensory stimuli differed compared to their bimodal equivalent. Moreover, increased cerebral activation in response to multisensory integration occurred bilaterally in areas known to integrate crossmodal stimuli and bilaterally in a not previously demonstrated integration area residing within the superior frontal gyrus. The benefits of multisensory experiences for perceptual and neuronal processing and their implication in our everyday life will be discussed. Acknowledgements: Supported by start-up funds from the Monell Chemical Senses Center awarded to JNL and a DAAD postdoctoral fellowship D/08/40252 awarded to JA. #31 SYMPOSIUM - SENSORY INTEGRATION AND COMPETITION fMRI and TMS studies of multisensory integration Michael S Beauchamp University of Texas Medical School Houston, TX, USA In the first part of the talk, I will discuss human brain areas that fMRI suggests are important for multisensory integration. The first area, the intraparietal sulcus, is important for integration of vision and touch. The second area, the superior temporal sulcus, is important for the integration of the visual and auditory modalities. In the second part of the talk, I will discuss how the brain performs multisensory integration when it is presented with conflicting information from different modalities; and, more generally, how it handles situations in which different sensory modalities provide information about the environment that is more or less reliable. The concept of Bayes-optimal integration will be introduced, and imaging experiments that explore the neural mechanisms for optimal multisensory integration will be described. Finally, I will discuss what happens to perception when brain areas for performing multisensory integration are disrupted using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Acknowledgements: NSF and NIH #32 SYMPOSIUM - SENSORY INTEGRATION AND COMPETITION Odor information processing by the olfactory bulb analyzed in gene-targeted mice Minmin Luo NIBS Beijing, China In mammals, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing a specific odorant receptor (OR) gene project with precise stereotypy onto one or a few glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). In recent years we examined the functional connectivity of bilateral olfactory bulbs and the representation of olfactory signals by mitral/tufted cells, the projection neurons of the bulb. By focal injection of tracer into genetically identified glomeruli, we have found that the anterior olfactory nucleus pars externa (AONpE) links isofunctional olfactory columns in the bilateral MOB and serves an important role in bilateral exchange of odorant-specific information. By recording from OSNs expressing mouse I7 receptor and their postsynaptic neurons in the bulb, we found that I7 OSNs and their corresponding M/T cells exhibit similarly selective tuning profiles at low concentrations. Increasing the concentration significantly reduces 16 | AChemS Abstracts 2010 Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s)
esponse selectivity for both OSNs and M/T cells, although the tuning curve of M/T cells remains comparatively narrow. By contrast, interneurons in the MOB are broadly tuned, and blocking GABAergic neurotransmission reduces selectivity of M/T cells at high odorant concentrations. Our results indicate that olfactory information carried by an OR is channeled to its corresponding M/T cells and support the role of lateral inhibition via interneurons in sharpening the tuning of M/T cells. Acknowledgements: China MOST, NNSFC, HFSP #33 SYMPOSIUM - SENSORY INTEGRATION AND COMPETITION Binaral rivalry and olfactory awareness Denise Chen Rice University Houston, TX, USA When two pieces of conflicting information are presented at the same time to a pair of sensory organs, the brain tends to resolve the conflict by switching between the information. Also known as perceptual rivalry, this phenomenon has been documented in vision and audition. Recently, we have shown that this competition also operates in olfaction (Zhou & Chen, 2009), and we have dubbed it “binary rivalry”. In this talk, I will introduce the context of our work, summarize the initial data demonstrating the effect, and present results from our more recent work which further characterize this phenomenon. Some general implications of our findings will be discussed. #34 SYMPOSIUM - SENSORY INTEGRATION AND COMPETITION Evidence of a central gustatory map in humans Paul A.S. Breslin 1,2 1 Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2 Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ, USA There is a clear need to localize both appetitive (food, mates) and aversive (predators) elements in our environment via chemosensory cues. In humans, it appears that lateralizing odors without somatosensory or movement cues is difficult. Yet other species, for example scorpions, can identify what type and where prey are located by how the olfactory organ (the comb) is stimulated. In humans, the gustatory receptors are embedded within the oral epithelium and appear to convey sensations that share properties with other skin sensations such as the location of stimulation. For example, in the absence of discriminative tactile cues, humans can lateralize taste stimuli of varying taste quality. This means that the gustatory sensory signals allow the observer to know both what is in the mouth (something sweet) and where it is located in the mouth (anterior, left). By logical extension, if several identically shaped items are placed in the mouth and only one conveys taste sensations, humans can identify, locate, and remove the one that conveys taste even without the movement of the objects. More difficult still is the lateralization of a stimulus of a particular taste quality while a competing taste quality is present and while tactile and taste intensity cues have been rendered irrelevant. The ability to localize a taste stimulus based solely on its taste quality and location is likely derived from a central gustatory map that can inform what and where a stimulus is in the oral cavity. These cues enrich the information from a potential food and may be used to help recognize oral items either alone or when a heterogeneous bite is taken. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH DC02995. Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s) #35 SYMPOSIUM - CHEMORECEPTION IN CONTEXT: INTERACTIONS WITH ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS AND METABOLIC STATE Olfactory epithelium, a tissue under metabolic influences Marie-Christine Lacroix 1 , Karine Badonnel 2 , Nicolas Meunier 1,3 , Patrice Congar 1 , Aïda Rodriguez-Enfedaque 4 , Flore Renaud 4 , Roland Salesse 1 , Christine Baly 1 , Monique Caillol 1 1 INRA, UR 1197 Neurobiologie de l’Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Biologie de l’Olfaction et Biosenseurs Jouy en Josas, France, 2 U1126 MSNC INRA group, UPR2197 DEPSN, Institut Fessard, CNRS Gif sur Yvette, France, 3 Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines Versailles, France, 4 LGBC, UMR 8159 CNRS/UVSQ/EPHE, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines Versailles, France The nutritional status of individuals influences odour detection. Fasting results in an increased perception of food-related odors, whereas satiety is correlated with a reduction in their olfactory detection. This suggests that metabolic signals are able to modulate olfactory functions. Leptin and insulin are good candidates to be such metabolic signals as they modulate electrical activity of olfactory bulb (OB) neurons. We suggest that, beside effects at the OB level, these hormones act at the olfactory mucosa (OM) level . We established the expression and localization of insulin and leptin receptors in rat OM and demonstrated that 48h fasting, leading to decreased plasma leptin and insulin levels, increased their expression. Surprisingly, this increased number of insulin receptors, evaluated by radio receptor assay, is not observed in the OB, suggesting a differential regulation at these two levels of the olfactory system. We further showed that insulin application on OM, mimicking a postprandial insulin surge, decreased the amplitude of electro-olfactogram responses to odorant. These data provide evidence that OM is under hormonal driven metabolic influences and that insulin is able to modulate the olfactory message amplitude from its first step. Furthermore, we found faint local production of insulin and leptin, which are increased by fasting. This suggest paracrine/autocrine role for these hormones in OM. We showed that insulin is involved in the proliferation/apoptosis balance regulating the OM renewing since it is able to inhibit OM apoptosis induced by bulbectomy through the regulation of p53-dependent pathway. The evaluation of OM function in insulino- and leptino-resistant obese rats is under investigation. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-05-PNRA-1.E7 AROMALIM). #36 SYMPOSIUM - CHEMORECEPTION IN CONTEXT: INTERACTIONS WITH ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS AND METABOLIC STATE Olfactory neurons activity and olfactory perception are modulated by anorectic peptides, insulin and leptin Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan 1 , Agnès Savigner 2 , Pascaline Aimé 1 , Patricia Duchamp-Viret 1 , Michel Chaput 1 , Xavier Grosmaitre 2 , Minghong Ma 2 , A. Karyn Julliard 1 1 Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5020 Lyon, France, 2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA The mechanisms controlling food intake are based on internal (endocrine, metabolic) and external (the sensory characteristics of food) signals. Olfaction is one of the external clues that leads to consume regardless of nutritional needs. Conversely, as we shown, the olfactory acuity is modulated by the nutritional status. Abstracts | 17
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decreasing of endogenous volatiles
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may serve to integrate central and
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esponse magnitudes. Inhibitions rea
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the second a non-specific cation ch
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saline. Some of the labeled ORNs sh
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pregnancy block. In order to unders
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of GSP neurons and 97% of PA neuron
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concentrations than flies raised on
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familiarity and cultural difference
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#P265 is found on page 128. #P266 P
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perception of purine 5’-ribonucle
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(CT), the greater superficial petro
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were significantly different from o
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MSG on NaCl is evidently highlighte
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consisting of motors and IFT comple
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wing. Philip Callahan exposed insec
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seem to indicate that total nasal v
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possibly suggesting non-apoptotic m
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#P325 POSTER SESSION VII: OLFACTORY
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of 7/10, and causing eyes to water
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showed that N1/P2 latencies were lo
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differentiated patients with AD (M=
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pleasantness 3)of mixtures (A,B), A
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Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
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Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
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Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
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Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
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Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
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See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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