an abolished response to all tested ligands. This description of natural genetic variation and in vitro functional variation provides a plat<strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> identifying the role of a single odorant receptor in human perception. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by grants from the NIH-NIDCD, HFSP and by an NRSA postdoctoral fellowship to J.D.M. #56 PLATFORM PRESENTATIONS - THROUGH THE NOSE NCKX4, a calcium regulator, efficiently terminates the olfactory response and moderates the extent of adaptation Aaron B. Stephan 1 , Steven Tobochnik 1 , Johannes Reisert 2 , Haiqing Zhao 1 1 Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA, 2 Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA In vertebrates, calcium plays a profound role in amplifying the primary olfactory response and in mediating olfactory adaptation. Thus, tight regulation of cilial Ca 2+ in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) is critical <strong>for</strong> faithful coding of odor stimuli. Ca 2+ enters OSN cilia through the CNG channel upon odor stimulation. Several proteins to remove Ca 2+ from the cilia have been implicated, including Ca 2+ ATPases and Na/Ca exchangers. We conducted a proteomic analysis of mouse olfactory cilial membrane preparations, and identified the Potassium-dependent Na/Ca Exchanger 4 (NCKX4) as a candidate exchanger <strong>for</strong> removing Ca 2+ . Consistent with this identification, previous mRNA studies showed NCKX4 to be the most abundant Na/Ca exchanger (of 9 family members) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and in OSNs. By in situ hybridization, we revealed that NCKX4 mRNA localized exclusively to mature OSNs within the OE. We generated a NCKX4 knockout mouse line, and conducted electrophysiological analyses. Mutant OSNs display a substantially prolonged response by electroolfactogram and single cell analysis, demonstrating that NCKX4 is necessary <strong>for</strong> rapid termination of the OSN response. Additionally, mutant OSNs display enhanced adaptation under paired-pulse stimulation, consistent with the idea that OSN adaptation arises from Ca 2+ - dependent mechanisms. In single cell analysis, replacing extracellular Na + with choline, which prevents Na/Ca exchange, significantly prolongs the response in wildtype OSNs, but only slightly in mutant OSNs, demonstrating that the majority of Na-dependent Ca exchange in OSNs is due to NCKX4. By rapidly terminating the OSN response and moderating the extent of adaptation, NCKX4 should have a profound influence on odor detection and perception. Acknowledgements: Supported by a Morley Kare Fellowship, the Human Frontiers Science Organization, Monell Chemical Senses Center and NIH R01 DC007395 and DC009946. #57 PLATFORM PRESENTATIONS - THROUGH THE NOSE CAGE MATCH! Effect of Rodent Housing Conditions on Aggressive Behavior and P2 Glomerular Anatomy Ernesto Salcedo, Anthony Oliva, Jennifer Hellier, Kanthaiah Koka, Daniel Tollin, Xuan Ly, Diego Restrepo University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA The effect of housing environment on the neuroanatomy and behavior of mice remains to be rigorously characterized. Here, we examined the effect that two distinct types of cage (high or low ventilation, HV or LV) had on aggressive behavior and neuroanatomy in a single strain of transgenic animal (P2iTLZ). In HV cages, the entire volume of air in the cage was exchanged with fresh air once every minute. In the LV cages, cage air exchanged passively through a filter in the cage lid with the ambient air. In all experiments, transgenic animals were kept in the HV cages from birth until 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, we randomly separated littermates into either the HV or LV cages <strong>for</strong> 4 weeks. After the 4-week trial period, we then tested the aggressive behavior of resident males toward intruder males. HV cage residents showed significantly more interaction and aggression than LV cage residents. In a parallel series of studies, we naris occluded a single naris in each animal at the 12-week time point be<strong>for</strong>e separation into the two distinct cage conditions. We then sacrificed the animals after the 4-week trial period and carefully characterized the P2 glomerulus. The P2iTLZ transgenic strain coexpresses lac-Z with the P2 odorant receptor, allowing us to visualize the P2 glomerulus in the main olfactory bulb of these mice using XGal dye. The P2 glomerulus has previously been demonstrated to be responsive to urine—a prominent odor in the cages that is used by mice <strong>for</strong> social and sexual communications. We found dramatic changes in the number and average size of the P2 glomerulus after the animals were maintained in the separate housing conditions <strong>for</strong> the 4 week trial period. Such changes are all the more remarkable as they are occurring in an adult animal responding to a novel environmental condition. Acknowledgements: NIDCD #58 PLATFORM PRESENTATIONS - THROUGH THE NOSE A Brain-Machine Interface Through the Nose: Wheelchair Driving Anton Plotkin 1 , Lee Sela 1 , Aharon Weissbrod 1 , Nahum Soroker 2,3 , Noam Sobel 1 1 Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel, 2 Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital Raanana, Israel, 3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel Sniffs are precisely controlled sensory-motor acts that depend on enervation of the soft palate by three cranial nerves, the 5th, 9th, and 10th. In that this enervation is cranial and distributed, we hypothesized that it may be spared following injury. We developed a device that monitored nasal pressure with a nasal cannula connected to a MEMS pressure sensor followed by a USB data acquisition system. We first programmed the device to function as a sniff-controlled “trigger” in on-screen computer games. The device was as fast and accurate as a mouse and joystick (two games, n=36, reaction time game 1/2 sniff=270.51/612.62 ms, mouse=272.17/629.57 ms, joystick=249.74/579.88 ms, accuracy “shooting” a moving target distance in pixels: sniff=26.36, mouse=25.35, joystick=26.91, all tests=NS). Furthermore, 24 | AChemS <strong>Abstracts</strong> 2010 <strong>Abstracts</strong> are printed as submitted by the author(s)
whereas mouse and joystick reaction time was constant across a 5 minute game, sniff reaction time decreased (p
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familiarity and cultural difference
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(CT), the greater superficial petro
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consisting of motors and IFT comple
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of 7/10, and causing eyes to water
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showed that N1/P2 latencies were lo
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pleasantness 3)of mixtures (A,B), A
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Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
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Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
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Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
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Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
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Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
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See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu