Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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P O S T E R S #P99 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTORY PHYSIOLOGY & CELL BIOLOGY; TASTE MOLECULAR GENETICS; CHEMESTHESIS & TRIGEMINAL Chloride Homeostatsis in Trigeminal Sensory Neurons Debbie Radtke 1 , Nicole Schöbel 1 , Jennifer Spehr 2 , Hanns Hatt 1 1 Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology Bochum, Germany, 2 RWTH-Aachen University, Institute for Biology II Aachen, Germany The trigeminal system is known to play an important role in chemo- and thermosensation as well as the perception of pain. Recent studies have shown a connection between intracellular chloride accumulation and pain perception by neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), but little is known about the chloride homeostasis in TG neurons. The intracellular chloride concentration is mainly controlled by cation-coupled chloride cotransporters. The Na + K + 2Cl - cotransporter NKCC1 accumulates Cl - intracellularly and is highly expressed in embryonal neurons of the central nervous system. During late embryonal to early postnatal development NKCC1 is downregulated accompanied by an upregulation of Cl - -extruding cotransporters. Due to this “chloride switch” opening of Cl - conductances leads to hyperpolarization of adult central neurons. However, some peripheral neurons like olfactory sensory neurons and neurons of the DRG maintain high intracellular Cl - levels even in adulthood resulting in cellular depolarization after opening of Cl - conductances. Here, we show that isolated neurons of wild type (WT) mice display robust Ca 2+ transients upon GABA stimulation in Ca 2+ -imaging experiments. In neurons of NKCC1 -/- mice, however, these responses are dramatically diminished with respect to the number of responsive cells and signal amplitude. Furthermore, we use the chloride imaging technique to investigate changes of intracellular Cl - levels upon GABA stimulation of TG neurons of WT and NKCC1 -/- mice. Additionally, we determine the intracellular Cl - concentration of neurons of both WT and NKCC1 -/- mice using the doubleionophor technique. We conclude that NKCC1 is the main Cl - accumulating transporter in TG neurons. Further investigations aim at clarifying the role of NKCC1 in connection with trigeminal pain perception. #P100 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTORY PHYSIOLOGY & CELL BIOLOGY; TASTE MOLECULAR GENETICS; CHEMESTHESIS & TRIGEMINAL Pain Processing Networks Revealed Using Fully Exploratory Analysis: An FMRI Study Using Trigeminal Stimulation Martin Wiesmann 1,2 , Veronika Schoepf 2,3,4 , Christian Windischberger 3,4 , Christian H Kasess 3,5 , Jessica Albrecht 2,6 , Rainer Kopietz 2 , Anna Maria Kleemann 2 , Ewald Moser 3,4 1 Dept. of Neuroradiology, Technical University of Aachen RWTH Aachen, Germany, 2 Dept. of Neuroradiology, Ludwig- Maximilian-University Munich Munich, Germany, 3 MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University Vienna Vienna, Austria, 4 Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna Vienna, Austria, 5 Division of Biological Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna Vienna, Austria, 6 Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA Fully Exploratory Network Independent Component Analysis (FENICA) on functional MRI data is based on the assumption that group networks develop on the basis of spatially consistent single-subject components. The analyzing method introduced in this study includes two different processing stages. First Independent Component Analysis (ICA) on a single-subject level is conducted and the second step includes analysis based crosscorrelating the derived single-subject components. The most important aspect of this exploratory method without the need for a priori definition of the applied stimulus time course or the specification of a template including expected regions of interest is the single-subject character the method is based on. To test this new method a trigeminal stimulation experiment was performed. It is known that the processing of intranasal CO2 stimuli evokes specific activation involving a part of the general pain processing network. Functional images were obtained from 22 healthy volunteers using a 3T MRI scanner. We used an intranasal CO2 event-related birhinal stimulation paradigm. Image preprocessing was performed using SPM5. For further artefact corrections two regions of interests (white matter and ventricles) were defined and time courses were extracted and regressed out for each singlesubject. Single-subject ICA was performed using probabilistic ICA as implemented in FSL. Group analysis with FENICA revealed areas known to be specifically activated for the processing of intranasal trigeminal stimulation and was able to clearly obtain the network involved in the processing of olfactory trigeminal stimulus processing. We can conclude that FENICA provides a truly exploratory, data-driven, operator independent and therefore unbiased way of assessing trigeminal networks. #P101 POSTER SESSION II: OLFACTORY PHYSIOLOGY & CELL BIOLOGY; TASTE MOLECULAR GENETICS; CHEMESTHESIS & TRIGEMINAL Real-time PCR of trigeminal receptor mRNAs in human nasal biopsies Jacqueline Zimmermann 1,2 , Thomas Hummel 2 , Andreas Hermann 3 , Alexander Storch 3 , Sylvia Kanzler 3 , Mandy Scheibe 2 , Martin Witt 4 1 Dept. Anatomy,TU Dresden Dresden, Germany, 2 Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden, Germany, 3 Dept. Neurology and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden Dresden, Germany, 4 Dept. Neurology and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden Dresden, Germany, 5 Dept. Neurology and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden Dresden, Germany, 6 Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden, Germany, 7 University of Rostock Rostock, Germany Background: Previous research suggests that chemosensory stimuli mediated by branches of the trigeminal nerve are perceived differentially dependent on the location within the nasal cavity. Aim: The aim of this study was to acquire data on the occurrence of various trigeminal receptor mRNAs in different locations of the nasal mucosa using real-time PCR. Subjects & Methods: Biopsies of 12 healthy individuals (mean age: 37.8 years) were taken from the insertions of the middle and inferior turbinates, as well as anterior ventral and posterior dorsal septum. Real time- PCR was performed using primers for TRPA1 (ankyrin-like receptor with transmembrane domain I), ACCN3 (acid-sensing ion channel), TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1), TRPM8 (transient receptor potential receptor M8), and CALCB1 (calcitonin gene-related product). As housekeeping 60 | AChemS Abstracts 2010 Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s)
gene, HMBS was used. All primers were positively tested in a human trigeminal ganglion. Results: Strongest expression of all receptor genes was shown for TRPV1 and ACCN3, especially in septal regions of male individuals, TRPM8 was not detected. TRPA1 mRNA was more strongly expressed in anterior septal areas of female subjects in comparison to males. Younger subjects presented stronger receptor mRNA expressions than older ones. Conclusions: Present data of this small group tend to show a stronger expression of TRPV1 and ACCN3 in anterior septal areas of the nasal cavity compared to posterior and lateral locations. Supporting previous electrophysiological data, the results fit to guarding functions of the trigeminal system at anterior entry sites of the respiratory tract. Acknowledgements: Supported by Philip Morris USA Inc. to TH and MW #P102 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Determinants of Measured Olfactory Sensitivity: Reprise William S. Cain, Roland Schmidt, J. Enrique Cometto-Muñiz University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA An extensive literature outside chemoreception has long indicated that human subjects increase their measured acuity with repeated testing or training. Although slow to develop such information, chemosensory psychophysics has directed some attention to understanding sequential effects in testing. The scattered studies, not always focused on the issue but sometimes revealing it incidentally, show a consistent pattern: More testing yields lower thresholds. This holds for smell or taste or flavor. Thresholds measured over time decline exponentially over days and can reach a gain of an order of magnitude. One study implied gain within a day. That study, like the other olfactory studies, used a solvent to dilute the odorant and it seemed possible that its odor interfered with detection of the signal, though less effectively over trials. Those studies also used squeeze bottles that added another possible parameter for inadvertent increase in facility. In the present experiments we worked without a solvent and afforded the subjects a very friendly interface that required only sniffs from glass cones. In the course of a day of testing (> 6 hr) subjects (n=55) made 240 judgments in a 3 AFC task. Testing involved four odorants on different occasions. Even in these easier circumstances, performance increased within a day of testing, with subjects about 20-25% more sensitive at the end than at the beginning. Preliminary evidence suggests that the effect appears to repeat itself beyond the first day. The perceptual learning evident in all of the relevant chemosensory results occurs without training, but with mere experience. The addition of training may amplify it, which would indicate further that the “typically” measured threshold underestimates human physiological sensitivity. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH grants DC05602 and DC002741. #P103 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING The relationship between nasal cycle and cognitive processing E. Leslie Cameron 1 , Laura Lipton 1 , Richard L. Doty 2 1 Psychology Department, Carthage College Kenosha, WI, USA, 2 Smell & Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA INTRODUCTION Many people experience a periodic fluctuation of relative nasal resistance between the two nostrils – the so-called nasal cycle. Some, but not all, studies have suggested that this alternation, which need not be totally reciprocal and reflects relative sympathetic:parasympathic tone, is related to cognitive function. In this study we tested this hypothesis using a simple laterality task. METHODS In large groups, 72 collegeaged students (26 male) determined the side of the nose that was most open by alternately closing each naris with their thumb, and rated their confidence of this judgment. Participants then completed two paper-and-pencil tests (Klein & Armitage, 1979) in which two visual items were judged as “same” or “different”: a “language” (left hemisphere) task comprised of pairs of letters (one upper and one lower case letter) and a “spatial” (right hemisphere) task made up of pairs of dot patterns. Participants were asked to judge as many pairs as possible, avoiding errors, in a 3 minutes (per task) interval. RESULTS A two-way ANOVA indicated a main effect of task (performance was significantly higher on the language than the spatial task) but not of nasal resistance. The interaction of task and nasal resistance was significant. Participants performed significantly better on the language than the spatial task when the left side of the nose was more open. No gender differences were observed. CONCLUSION These results accord well with reports that lateralization of function in the human brain is related to the relative left:right airflow patterns observed in the nose. Additional research is needed to determine whether associations observed in this study generalize to more complex cognitive processes. Acknowledgements: None. #P104 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Characterizing the Relationship between Naming and Recognition Memory for Odors and Sounds Trevor C. Cessna 1 , Melinda S. Brearton 2 , Kathleen M. VanDeGrift 2 , Konstantin A. Rybalsky 1 , Robert A. Frank 1 1 University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2 Osmic Enterprises, Inc. Cincinnati, OH, USA Over the past few decades, the issue of whether olfactory memory represents a separate memory system compared to other sensory modalities has been a topic of much research. As part of our efforts to better understand the nature of odor memory, we have developed a dual odor naming/recognition memory task, and in a recent series of experiments, we have demonstrated a very close relationship between semantic and episodic odor memory. The basic finding in these studies is that consistently and/or correctly named odors are associated with excellent recognition memory while memory is poor or non-existent for odors named inconsistently and/or incorrectly. The aim of the current study P O S T E R S Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s) Abstracts | 61
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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We are pleased to announce that sev
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#1 GIVAUDAN LECTURE Normal and Canc
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#P253 POSTER SESSION V: CENTRAL OLF
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familiarity and cultural difference
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#P265 is found on page 128. #P266 P
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perception of purine 5’-ribonucle
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#P278 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL
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(CT), the greater superficial petro
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were significantly different from o
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MSG on NaCl is evidently highlighte
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consisting of motors and IFT comple
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wing. Philip Callahan exposed insec
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seem to indicate that total nasal v
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possibly suggesting non-apoptotic m
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#P325 POSTER SESSION VII: OLFACTORY
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of 7/10, and causing eyes to water
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showed that N1/P2 latencies were lo
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differentiated patients with AD (M=
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pleasantness 3)of mixtures (A,B), A
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Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
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Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
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Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
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Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
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Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
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See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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