Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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P O S T E R S #P207 POSTER SESSION IV: CHEMOSENSORY TRANSDUCTION AND SIGNALING Pannexin-1 and Connexin-43 Immunoreactivity in Rodent Taste Buds Ruibiao Yang 1,2 , Amanda Bond 1,2 , Stacey Thomas 1,2 , John Kinnamon 1,2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver Denver, CO, USA, 2 Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center Aurora, CO, USA Pannexin and/or connexin hemichannels may be located at sites of ATP release from rodent taste cells. We hypothesize that Type II and possibly Type III cells release ATP at sites containing pannexin and connexin hemichannels. Pannexin-1: Our data indicate that Pannexin-1-like immunoreactivity (LIR) is present in a large subset of taste cells in rodent taste buds. Pannexin-1-LIR colocalizes with PLCb2 and a-gustducin-LIR in a subset of taste cells. Some taste cells, however, display only Pannexin-1, PLCb2, or a-gustducin-LIR. A subset of TRPM-5-GFP taste cells display Pannexin-1-LIR and some taste cells express only Pannexin-1- LIR. We believe that Pannexin-1-LIR is expressed primarily in Type II cells. Pannexin-1-LIR, however, is present in a small subset of NCAM-, syntaxin-, and/or 5-HT-LIR cells. Thus, a subset of Type III taste cells exhibit Pannexin-1-LIR. Connexin- 43: Connexin-43 is the most studied gap junction protein and is present in a large subset of taste cells. Connexin-43-LIR cells are spindle-shaped with large nuclei and are most likely Type II cells. Connexin-43-LIR colocalizes with TRPM5-GFP and IP3R3-LIR in subsets of taste cells. Connexin-43-LIR colocalizes with a large subset of Pannexin-1-LIR taste cells. Based on our preliminary data, most Connexin-43-LIR is believed to be present in Type II taste cells. Although a subset of Type III cells displays immunoreactivity to pannexin-1, we did not observe any colocalization between connexin-43 and the Type III cell marker, 5-HT. Acknowledgements: This work is supported by NIH grants DC00285 and DC007495 #P208 POSTER SESSION IV: CHEMOSENSORY TRANSDUCTION AND SIGNALING Potential modulatory effects of serotonin in taste receptor cell excitability Fang-li Zhao, Scott Herness The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA Serotonin (5HT) and the 5HT1A receptor subtype are thought to play an important role in the processing of gustatory information via cell-to-cell communication among individual cells of the taste bud. Activation of the 5HT1A receptor is known to inhibit a number of ionic currents in taste receptor cells; additionally, 5HT inhibits ATP release from type II cells. Here we attempt to address the potential modulation locus of 5-HT on rat taste receptor cell transduction cascades using patch-clamp technique. In the gap-free recording mode, 5-HT did not affect the sustained currents with holding potentials of -50, -20, -10, and 0 mV, respectively (n = 26). This implies 5HT has no significant effect on resting state but rather modulates the active state of the cell. We further investigated the potential influence of 5HT on PIP2 since this phospholipid is central to many taste transduction cascades and its resynthesis important for maintaining cellular excitability. Using an electrophysiological assay with m-3M3FBS treatment (a PLC activator) that monitors PIP2 resynthesis, we observed that 5HT as well as the 5HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT both were effective in preventing resynthesis of PIP2 produced by tastant stimulation (cycloheximide n = 32, and SC45647, n = 30). The effect showed strong adaptation. Further this effect was reduced with GDP-bS in recording pipette (n = 24), consistent with a G-protein dependent activation of the 5HT1A receptor. We suggest that 5-HT negatively couples with PIP2 resynthesis whether during tastant challenge or post stimulus recovery. Further, since PIP2 resynthesis is necessary to restore activation on many ion channels, including hemichannels, this action may provide a mechanism for 5HT suppression of ATP release from taste receptor cells. Acknowledgements: NIH NIDCD R01 DC00401 #P209 POSTER SESSION V: CENTRAL OLFACTION; CHEMOSENSORY PSYCHOPHYSICS & CLINICAL STUDIES Co-stimulation with an olfactory stimulus enhances arousal responses to trigeminal stimulation during sleep in humans Boris A. Stuck, Franziska Lenz, Jann Baja, Clemens Heiser Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Mannheim, Germany Recent studies have demonstrated that olfactory stimulation does not lead to arousals or awakenings during sleep. In contrast, nasal trigeminal stimulation induces dose-dependent arousal responses comparable to nociceptive stimuli. The interaction of the olfactory and trigeminal system has been demonstrated previously. The aim of the study was to investigate whether olfactory stimulation influences arousal responses to nasal trigeminal stimulation. Five normosmic volunteers were included in the trial and 10 nights of testing were performed. Intranasal chemosensory stimulation was based on air-dilution olfactometry. For trigeminal stimulation 40% v/v CO2 was administered either with or without simultaneous stimulation with the pure olfactory stimulant H2S (8 ppm). Stimulus duration was 1s. Arousal reactions were assessed according to appearance and latency during overnight polysomnography in a period of 30 seconds after every stimulus. 200 stimulations were performed on average per subject. Compared to isolated trigeminal stimulation, co-stimulation with H2S showed an increase in arousal frequency and a reduction in arousal latency. Arousal frequency was 12.1% without and 16.6% with olfactory co-stimulation with the strongest effect seen during light sleep (with: 32.8%, without: 24%). Mean arousal latency was reduced from 5.7s without to 4.4s with olfactory co-stimulation. The present results demonstrate that olfactory stimulation, although not leading to arousal during sleep, influences the frequency and latency of arousals induced by nasal trigeminal stimulation. As arousals are mostly induced by the thalamus the interaction between the two systems does not occur on a cortical but on a peripheral or early level of central processing. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) 96 | AChemS Abstracts 2010 Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s)
#P210 POSTER SESSION V: CENTRAL OLFACTION; CHEMOSENSORY PSYCHOPHYSICS & CLINICAL STUDIES Odor fear conditioning and olfactory system slow-wave sleep Dylan C. Barnes 1,2 , Julie Chapuis 1 , Donald A. Wilson 1,2,3 1 EBI, NKI Orangeburg, NY, USA, 2 CUNY New York, NY, USA, 3 NYU Medical School New York, NY, USA Sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation. Sleep structure (REM/ Slow-wave sleep [SWS]) is modified after conditioning, and in some cortical circuits, SWS is associated with replay of the learned experience. Interestingly, the sleep modifications can be local, only affecting activity in the brain regions active during the training. Here, we wanted to ascertain possible changes in sleep structure within olfactory cortex following odor fear conditioning. We recorded local field potentials (LFP) from the anterior piriform cortex (aPCX) in behaving animals and analyzed odor-evoked changes during fear conditioning and subsequent sleep structure modifications. Long-Evans hooded rats were chronically implanted with telemetry electrodes in the aPCX. Rats were placed in a conditioning box for 30 min on three baseline days, conditioned with ten paired odor-shock stimuli on the fourth day, and tested with five odor pulses on the fifth day. On the conditioning and test days, behavioral (freezing or vocalization), autonomic (heart rate) and LFP responses to the conditioned odor were examined. After each daily session, we placed the animal in a dark, sound attenuating chamber and recorded LFPs and EMG for 4 hours. Preliminary data show that rats learned behavioral and autonomic fear responses to the odor and that aPCX odor-evoked beta (15- 40 Hz) oscillatory activity may correlate with the magnitude of the fear response. Furthermore, aPCX SWS increased following odor-shock conditioning compared to baseline days. Unpaired control rats showed neither odor fear responses nor an increase in SWS. Finally, the activity of aPCX single-units during SWS was shaped by recent odor experience and there was enhanced functional connectivity between the aPCX and hippocampus during SWS compared to other period. Acknowledgements: NIDCD to D.A.W. Fyssen Foundation Fellowship to J.C. #P211 POSTER SESSION V: CENTRAL OLFACTION; CHEMOSENSORY PSYCHOPHYSICS & CLINICAL STUDIES A neural pathway underlying dynamic control of odor-induced responses to a wide range of odor concentrations Hong Lei, Hong-Yan Chiu, John G. Hildebrand Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA The olfactory system of any animal species must be able to cope with a wide range of odor concentrations that often fluctuate instantaneously in large magnitude in nature. Little is known on how olfactory circuits at the first synaptic center – the olfactory bulb in vertebrates or antennal lobe (AL) in insects – adjust their sensitivity to quickly encode the concentration fluctuations. We have conducted a series of experiments in the AL of the hawk moth, Manduca sexta, to gain insights on this gating mechanism. In moth AL a special set of enlarged glomeruli located at the beginning portion of male AL – the macroglomerular complex or MGC – is devoted to process the conspecific female sex pheromones. The output (projection) neurons (or PNs) of MGC can be readily identified using juxtacellular recording method in conjunction with pheromonal stimulation. Upon stimulation of a series of 5 odor pulses, PNs often produce the strongest response to the 1st odor pulse and then weaker but constant responses to the rest of pulses, suggesting there is a fast inhibitory feedback pathway regulating the PN’s sensitivity, most likely via GABAergic local interneurons (LNs). We therefore used a known GABA-A receptor antagonist, picrotoxin, to manipulate the putative feedback pathway. After the drug was added, the cell activity changed from randomly bursting to non-spiking pattern; response to odors was also much reduced but the after-inhibition period following each response was increased. These results indicate that PNs are tonically inhibited by GABAergic LNs. As a feedback gating mechanism, the same pathway may regulate the output of PNs depending on the activity level of the same PNs, thus expanding the dynamic range of the PNs to respond to wide range of odor concentrations. Acknowledgements: NIH grant R01-DC-02761 to JGH #P212 POSTER SESSION V: CENTRAL OLFACTION; CHEMOSENSORY PSYCHOPHYSICS & CLINICAL STUDIES Transformation of olfactory information by neural networks in the honey bee ‘olfactory cortex’ Martin F Strube-Bloss, Marco A Herrera-Valdez, Brian H Smith School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA Mushroom bodies (MBs) in the insect brain are higher-order structures involved in integration of olfactory, visual, and mechano-sensory information. They receive direct input from the antennal lobes, which are the analogs of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Our objective was to investigate how the neural circuitry in the MB transforms the input from the antennal lobes. Therefore, we recorded simultaneously the spiking activity from neurons providing input to and output from this neuronal structure. Input to each MB is provided by about 800 projection neurons (PNs) of the antennal lobe (AL). PNs send their axons to the input region of each MB, which consists of approximately 170,000 Kenyon Cells [KC]. Output from each MB is carried by around 400 extrinsic neurons (ENs) projecting into different brain areas. We recorded simultaneously single unit activity from PNs and ENs while presenting two single odors (A, B) and their mixture (XA,B). At both neuronal stages the responses of a single unit to XA,B was not a simple liner transformation of the response to A and B. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to visualize the timing of the establishment of stimulus representations at MB input and output to estimate the latency of transfomation of the signal by the MB network. Furthermore we analyzed the contribution of a single unit to the ensemble representation of odor A, B and XA,B separately for PNs and ENs. Surprisingly at both levels units dominating the ensemble representation of A are not the ones dominating B or XA,B. The characterization of these complex responses and the degree of modification after processing in the MB is necessary for further investigation of influence of plasticity at the different stages of odor processing. Acknowledgements: This research was funded by NIH NCRR RR014166 to BHS, and by a subcontract of NIH NIDCD (DC007997) to BHS. P O S T E R S Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s) Abstracts | 97
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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We are pleased to announce that sev
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#1 GIVAUDAN LECTURE Normal and Canc
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and against delta ENaC is being pur
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#13 SYMPOSIUM - GENETICS OF HUMAN O
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#19 SYMPOSIUM - CILIA, SENSORY DYSF
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#26 PLATFORM PRESENTATIONS - POLAK
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esponse selectivity for both OSNs a
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elicit glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP
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contrast, changing the concentratio
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of OBPs, we have systematically sup
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whereas mouse and joystick reaction
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS #P1 POSTER SES
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PROP strips and PROP solutions. PAV
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#P11 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGIN
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TGI. The present study investigated
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delivered in the scanner intra-oral
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a universal odor descriptor map. Ho
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acetate or ethyl butyrate v/v in mi
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#P362 POSTER SESSION VII: OLFACTORY
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Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
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Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
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Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
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Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
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Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
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See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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