Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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P O S T E R S #P116 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Behavioral characteristics when smelling odors and making selections Shiori Nakano, Saho Ayabe-Kanamura University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences Tsukuba, Japan When people smell several odors, how do they decide which one they prefer? For vision study, participants were shown pairs of human faces and required to decide which face was more attractive. Their gaze gradually shifted toward the face that they eventually chose a few seconds before making the choice. Are there any behavioral characteristics of making selection in olfaction as well? In our study, participants freely smelled seven odors (e.g., grapefruit or wash soap) in squeeze bottles and chose one odor which they liked the most among them. When the odor names were not shown, participants could smell the same odor repeatedly and there was no time limit for the selection. This situation was recorded and the duration time smelling an odor measured. As results, three behavior patterns on the choice of the most favorite odor were observed; ‘Swift decision type’ that made a decision immediately after smelling every odor just once, ‘Stable position type’ that chose an odor in fixed sequences without changing the bottles position, and ‘Grouping type’ that grouped odors according to preference before making a decision. Most of the participants in the later two types occasionally smelled the same odor again. Smelling duration time was converted into the standardization score for each participant. The average score for the odor finally chosen was higher than the odors not chosen (using a mean score for six odors), but the difference was not significant (t(27)=0.91, p=0.37). Especially, participants in ‘Grouping type’ smelled longer the preferable odor than in the other two behavior patterns. As a consequence, the odor which they liked most was smelled for a slightly longer time. Conversely, it might be possible that people make selection of the odor when it was smelled longer. #P117 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Odor Interactions among Ternary Mixtures by Human Toshio Miyazawa 1,2 , Michelle Gallagher 2 , George Preti 2,3 , Shuichi Muranishi 1 , Paul M. Wise 2 1 Ogawa & Co., Ltd. Chiba, Japan, 2 Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA, 3 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA Mixture-interactions are a first-order concern in olfaction. At peri-threshold levels, people can often detect a mixture even if they cannot detect any of the individual mixture components when presented alone. The exact rules of this summation remain unclear. We have measured detection of both single chemicals and binary (two-component) mixtures over a range of concentrations. Significant deviations from additivity occur, and depend on both stimulus concentration and molecular properties. However, a simple response addition model describes peri-threshold mixture interactions reasonably well. Here, we extend this work to ternary (three-component) mixtures. We measured detection functions for four homologous carboxylic acids (acetic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic), and for maple lactone, which is different from the acids in both structure and supra-threshold quality. We also measured detection functions for three ternary mixtures: 1) acetic + butyric + hexanoic (greatest overall similarity), 2) acetic + butyric + octanoic, and 3) acetic + butyric + maple lactone (least overall similarity). Analysis of variance showed that mixtures 1 and 3 (the most and least similar) showed approximately additive interactions across the full range of measured concentrations, whereas mixture 2 showed substantial sub-additivity across concentrations. These data suggest that a tendency toward perithreshold additivity may continue as mixtures become more complex, but that the degree of additivity will depend on the molecules that comprise the mixture. Structure-activity models will require further research. #P118 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING The Monell Odor Identification Task for the NIH Toolbox: Comparing Response Alternatives for 3 and 4 Year Olds Christopher Maute, Aleida Silva-Garcia, Sara Castor, Julie A. Mennella, Pamela H. Dalton Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox aims to develop a brief, inexpensive test to assess olfactory function in individuals between the ages of 3 and 85 years old. Here we provide an update on the evaluation of the youngest cohort of subjects (50, 3-4 year olds) with whom we explored the effects of the number of response choices on odor identification performance. Children and a parent were tested individually at the Monell Center. After familiarization with the study procedures, they were presented with 8 odorants in a scratch-and-sniff format in 3 versions. After smelling each odorant, the subject was asked to identify the odor by pointing to the matching image from either 2, 3 or 4 choices. All subjects were administered the 3 versions of the task in a single session and each version was completed in less than 5 minutes. While we saw an inverse relation between the response options and probability correct, this relationship is driven by the results of individual odor items within each task such that some odors are better for inclusion on a child-specific task than others. It was further noticed that some images used to represent the target odors were difficult to identify for three-year-olds. When performance above chance was considered, the difference between performance on the 3 and 4 alternative forced choice (AFC) tasks diminished and certain variables, like pre-school attendance, increased accuracy, particularly on the 4 AFC task. In conclusion, three- and four-year-old children can quickly and reliably perform all versions of this task, with each task having its own advantages and disadvantages. The removal of less effective odors, adjustment of odor images and further consideration of variables like pre-school attendance will yield a best-fit of task to population. Acknowledgements: NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, NIH contract No.: HHS-N-260-2006-00007-C. 66 | AChemS Abstracts 2010 Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s)
#P119 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Process differences between physical and physiological odor mixtures Malin Brodin 1 , Simona Negoias 2 , Mats J Olsson 1 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden, 2 Smell & Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School Dresden, Germany We investigated whether a mixture will be perceived differently if it has been presented as a mixture in one nostril, in comparison to if two odorants are presented simultaneously in separate nostrils. In parallel, we investigated whether the different types of presentation gave rise to differences in event related potentials (ERP). Twenty-four healthy persons, 12 men and12 women, between the ages of 18 to 35 years participated in the study. Using the Sniffin’ Sticks threshold test, all participants were screened for threshold differences between both nostrils separately. We excluded those with threshold differences over 2 points between the two nostrils (Gudziol et al, 2006). We compared single odorants A or B monorhinally, mixtures of A and B monorhinally, and simultaneous presentation of A and B birhinally. The odorants used were eugenol (A) and l-carvone (B). The stimuli were presented, using a computer-controlled airdilution olfactometer (OM6B; Burghart instruments, Wedel, Germany), in a constant flow of odorless and humidified air of controlled temperature (250 ms stimulus duration; 80% relative humidity; total flow of 7 L/min; 36 degrees C). Participants were asked to rate the composition of the stimuli on a visual analogue scale. Hence, they rated to which extent they perceived a single odorant, A or B, or a mixture. The participants also rated the overall intensity of the stimuli. Additionally, ERPs for each type of stimuli were recorded. Analyses will focus on the differences between monorhinal and birhinal mixtures. Hence, both the differences in the ERPs and in the psychophysical ratings will be analyzed. The implications of potential difference between these physical and physiological mixtures for the understanding of mixture processing will be discussed. #P120 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Rapid yet short-lived olfactory plasticity in wake and in sleep Anat Arzi, Noam Sobel Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel occasions: in the morning, 7 hours later, and one day later. A control group of 18 female subjects participated in the 3 threshold tests only. We found a significant decrease in thresholds in the exposure group (M =11.55± 0.4 in the first test, M = 10.8± 0.4 in the second test, p > 0.002) but not in the control group (M = 10.75± 0.3 in the first test, M = 10.02± 0.5 in the second test, p = 0.27). This plasticity, however, was short lived, as thresholds returned to baseline the next day (Exposure group: M = 11.42± 0.5 in the third test, p = 0.66; Control group: 10.3± 0.4 in the third test, p = 0.3). That functional plasticity occurs at such short timeframes may help pinpoint the neural substrates of this behavioral change. Finally, we are currently replicating this study during sleep in order to assess the role of conscious perception in the plasticity process. #P121 POSTER SESSION III: OLFACTORY PERCEPTION, HUMAN PSYCHOPHYSICS & ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL TASTE DEVELOPMENT & SIGNALING Effect Of Eye Closure On Olfactory Detection Threshold Amit K Bhise 1 , Alan R. Hirsch 2 , Amal Asiri 2 1 Sinia Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2 Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA Objective: To determine the effect of eye closure on olfactory detection threshold. Introduction: Part of the evaluation of cranial nerve I is the assessment of olfactory threshold. Smell Threshold Test (STT) of Doty measures olfactory detection threshold (ODT) to phenyl-ethyl alcohol (PEA). Currently, the effect of visual stimuli on olfaction is unclear. Methods: Ten healthy, subjectively normasmic volunteers (7 women, 3 men), mean age 29 years (range 18-57 year) underwent STT based upon single staircase-forced choice paradigm. Subjects kept their eyes open and then closed, or vice-versa, as ODT was determined by presenting them with varying concentration of PEA ( -10.0 to -2.0 log units) in half log steps. Order of testing alternated after each subject, so that one half had odor testing with eyes closed first, while the other half had testing with eyes open first. A 20 minute washout period existed between the tests in each individual. Each subject served as their own control. Result: Mean ODT with eyes open was -3.7 (range -4.6 to -2.2), and with eyes closed was -4.0 (range -6.5 to -2.2). No significant difference was noted (p>0.05) in threshold values for eyes open versus eyes closed. Conclusion: We had anticipated that the absence of visual stimuli would lower the olfactory detection threshold, possibly due to reduction of competing sensory stimuli, allowing focusing of attention. However, no discernible effect was found. Sources of Funding: None P O S T E R S Several studies have demonstrated that long-term repetitions of relatively brief olfactory exposures can lead to functional plasticity reflected in reduced (improved) olfactory detection thresholds for the exposed odorant. Here we set out to ask whether we could accelerate this process using a more aggressive exposure paradigm. We measured detection thresholds for the odorant citral (CAS #5392-40-5) using 20 log dilutions (highest concentration set at 3.125 % v/v citral in mineral oil) delivered within the maximum-likelihood adaptive staircase method. An exposure group of 20 female subjects smelled the odorant for 3 continuous minutes every 15 minutes for 20 times summing at one full hour of exposure. In addition, we measured threshold on 3 Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s) Abstracts | 67
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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AChemS Association for Chemorecepti
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We are pleased to announce that sev
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#1 GIVAUDAN LECTURE Normal and Canc
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and against delta ENaC is being pur
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#13 SYMPOSIUM - GENETICS OF HUMAN O
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#19 SYMPOSIUM - CILIA, SENSORY DYSF
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perception of purine 5’-ribonucle
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#P278 POSTER SESSION VI: PERIPHERAL
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(CT), the greater superficial petro
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were significantly different from o
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MSG on NaCl is evidently highlighte
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consisting of motors and IFT comple
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wing. Philip Callahan exposed insec
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seem to indicate that total nasal v
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possibly suggesting non-apoptotic m
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#P325 POSTER SESSION VII: OLFACTORY
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of 7/10, and causing eyes to water
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showed that N1/P2 latencies were lo
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differentiated patients with AD (M=
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pleasantness 3)of mixtures (A,B), A
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Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
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Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
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Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
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Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
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Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
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See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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