Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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P O S T E R S interactions over trials. Three odors (0.56 mM furaneol, 0.00025% citral, and 1.8 mM vanillin) were presented alone, in binary odortaste mixtures with 0.56 M sucrose, 10 mM CA, and 0.32 M NaCl, and in a ternary mixture with sucrose and citric acid. The stimuli were pipetted onto the tongue in 1-ml volumes, held in the mouth for 2 sec and expectorated. Ss then rated sweetness, saltiness, sourness, bitterness and “other” on the gLMS as they breathed normally through the nose. Stimuli were presented in blocks of 5 with a 1-min ISI. Data from 31 Ss confirmed the tendency for putatively congruent tastes (e.g. vanillin and sucrose) to reduce odor adaptation and to enhance odor intensity. Conversely, putatively incongruent mixtures (e.g. vanillin and CA) tended to show suppression of both taste and retronasal odor. No evidence was found for enhancement of tastes by odors. A follow-up study showed that the addition of sucrose significantly increased the perceived intensity of flavor in 2 food systems (vanilla pudding and a cherry flavored drink). However, the addition of vanilla flavor failed to increase taste intensity. These findings indicate that when Ss rate the intensity of both odors and tastes in congruent mixtures, the dominant effect of odor-taste interactions is enhancement of odors by tastes. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH grant RO1 DC005002 #P27 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGING & PSYCHOPHYSICS; CENTRAL TASTE; MULTIPLE MODALITIES; CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL OLFACTION The Crucial Role of Familiarity in Cross-modal Enhancement on Lotion Quality Perception Anne J. Kurtz 1 , Brian Wansink 2 , Terry E. Acree 1 1 Cornell Institute of Food Science, Cornell University Geneva, NY, USA, 2 Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA Humans utilize cross-modal information to inform their perceptions of quality. In the present experiment the role of cross-modal information was investigated for its ability to influence perceptions of fragrance intensity, moisturization, and quality on lotions. Participants were divided into two groups, one received unfragranced lotions the other received a fragranced lotion. Within each group the participants received three samples with varying amounts of yellow colorant added. Data were examined for subject frequency usage in order to understand the influence of familiarity on perceptual evaluations. The data suggest that extrinsic factors (color and fragrance) alter the perceptions of lotions differently depending upon familiarity. Low amounts of color can positively influence quality evaluations (F(2,150)=3.82, p=0.02). Fragranced samples were evaluated as higher in quality for low usage users. Unfragranced samples were perceived as higher quality for high usage users. Finally color decreased the overall quality of unfragranced samples in high usage users. We suggest these findings demonstrate the powerful influence of multimodal sensory integration on our everyday quality judgments. #P28 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGING & PSYCHOPHYSICS; CENTRAL TASTE; MULTIPLE MODALITIES; CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Functional and Anatomical Integration of the Chemical Senses: Is there a Flavor Sense? Johan N Lundstrom 1,2,3 , Jessica Albrecht 1 1 Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2 Dep. of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA, 3 Dep. of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden The field of neuroscience has gone from viewing the senses as isolated functions to considering them interlinked and functionally integrated entities. Unique with respect to functional integration is the supramodal sensation of flavor, a sensory phenomenon that merges information from all senses, though primarily from the three chemical sensations of smell, taste, and trigeminal irritation. Concordantly, side-by-side comparison of the three perceptions demonstrates considerable overlaps in neuronal activation; however, no systematic comparison has been made. Thus, similarities and differences in neuronal activation between these three perceptions were analyzed by means of metaanalyses allowing us to tap the combined power of independent studies. Whereas a common meta-analytical approach is to merely map the reported activations onto an anatomical template, we used the value-added meta-analysis technique Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) to obtain ALE maps of the separate sensations as well as comparative ALE maps. Common among the senses are high activation probability (AP) in the insula / frontal operculum (primary taste) and orbitofrontal cortex (secondary olfactory and taste cortex). Moreover, non-odorous trigeminal stimuli demonstrated high AP in the piriform cortex, an area commonly referred to as primary olfactory cortex. Thus, the three sensory modalities display a large functional and anatomical overlap. In light of recent data demonstrating reduction in function of one chemical sense disrupts the function of the others, these findings support the view that the chemical senses are connected not only via crossmodal linkage, but also via functional and anatomical co-location within the brain. Exploration of the chemical senses in unison rather than individually is ripe for future work. Acknowledgements: Supported by a start-up grant from the Monell Chemical Senses Center awarded to JNL and a DAAD postdoctoral fellowship D/08/40252 awarded to JA. #P29 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGING & PSYCHOPHYSICS; CENTRAL TASTE; MULTIPLE MODALITIES; CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Additivity of Brain Activation to Odor and Taste during Judgments of Intensity and Pleasantness Claire Murphy 1,2,3 , Aaron Jacobson 1 , Erin R. Green 3 , Lori Haase 3 1 San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA, 2 University of California, San Diego Medical Center San Diego, CA, USA, 3 SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program San Diego, CA, USA A question of fundamental importance in chemosensory processing is the additivity of neural response to stimulation of the gustatory and olfactory systems. We employed fMRI to investigate brain activation in response to chemosensory stimuli representing sweet taste (sucrose), lemon odor (citral) and the combination, all presented in aqueous solution. Stimuli were 36 | AChemS Abstracts 2010 Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s)
delivered in the scanner intra-orally as .3 ml per 1 sec (See Haase et al., J. Neuorscience Methods, 2007 for stimulus delivery methods). Participants rated the chemosensory stimuli using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale to give psychophysical ratings of intensity and pleasantness. Rating scales were presented on a screen visible to the subject in the scanner. A joystick was used to position a cursor on the scale to indicate a rating and a MatLab program recorded the location. Functional imaging was conducted on a 3T GE Excite short bore scanner using a standard gradient echo EPI pulse sequence to acquire T2*-weighted functional images [(24 axial slices, FOV = 19 cm, matrix size = 64X64, spatial resolution 2.97x2.97x3 mm 3 , flip angle = 90°, echo time (TE) = 30 ms, repetition time (TR) = 2 s)]. An event-related paradigm allowed for examination of brain activation in response to individual stimuli as the subject made psychophysical judgments of intensity or pleasantness. Image analysis was conducted using AFNI. Results indicate that brain activation to individual stimuli and additivity of brain activation to olfaction and taste significantly differed for intensity and pleasantness, and were determined by the psychophysical judgment made by the subject during the scan. We gratefully acknowledge the UCSD Center for Functional MRI. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH grant number R01AG04085-23 to CM. #P30 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGING & PSYCHOPHYSICS; CENTRAL TASTE; MULTIPLE MODALITIES; CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL OLFACTION The nose smells what the eyes see: Modulation of olfactory perception by vision Jennifer Chen 1 , Wen Zhou 1,2 , Denise Chen 1 1 Rice University Houston, TX, USA, 2 Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China It is widely held that vision influences olfaction in humans and other primates but how this happens is little understood. Here we investigate visual modulation of olfaction in humans in the context of a unique olfactory phenomenon; called binaral rivalry, it refers to alternations in olfactory percepts when two different odorants are presented at the same time to the two nostrils. Subjects inhaled a pair of odorants while viewing a simultaneously presented image of rose or marker pen. The olfactory percepts were either in flux or stable. We showed that, when the olfactory percepts were in flux, subjects were significantly more likely to detect a smell that was congruent to the visual image. For olfactory percepts that were more stable, this enhancement effect was absent. The implications of our findings on olfactory-visual integration will be discussed. #P31 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGING & PSYCHOPHYSICS; CENTRAL TASTE; MULTIPLE MODALITIES; CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Stinking Consciousness! Benjamin D Young CUNY, Graduate Center New York, NY, USA neuroscientific theories of consciousness, while providing a novel perspective for theorizing about consciousness. The anatomical structure of the olfactory system is problematic for the current neuroscientific theories of consciousness, which consider a thalamic relay or corticothalamic loops as a necessary condition for consciousness. A thalamic relay might be necessary for consciously analyzing odorants (Pially, et. al. 2007), but it is not required for consciously discriminating between odorants. Thus, providing reason to doubt Crick’s (1984, 1994) theory (Smythies, 1997), Crick & Kock’s (1998) theory (Shepherd, 2007), Koch’s neurobiological theory (2004), and the Information Integration Theory of Consciousness (Tononi & Edelman, 1998; Tononi, 2004). The functional organization of the olfactory system further aggravates the problem for these theories, since the necessary thalamic connections cannot be replaced with a functional equivalence within the olfactory system. Using research on the mitral cell’s functional encodings of odorants in the olfactory bulb (Friedrich & Lauent, 2001), I argue that the aforementioned theories cannot reply that the olfactory bulb plays an equivalent functional role to that of the thalamus for vision (Kay & Sherman, 2006). Furthermore, the necessity of cortical connections without thalamic relays for our conscious sense of smell suggests studying phenomenal consciousness as a necessary condition for access consciousness. using evidence from Blind Smell (Schwartz, 1994, 2000; Sobel et. al. 1999). Acknowledgements: CUNY Doctoral Research Grant #P32 POSTER SESSION I: TASTE IMAGING & PSYCHOPHYSICS; CENTRAL TASTE; MULTIPLE MODALITIES; CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL OLFACTION Model of dendrodendritic synaptic clustering along mitral cell lateral dendrites Thomas S. McTavish 1 , Michele Migliore 2 , Michael L. Hines 1 , Gordon M. Shepherd 1 1 Dept. of Neurobiology, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA, 2 Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council Palermo, Italy In the mammalian olfactory bulb, the lateral dendrites of mitral cells form dendrodendritic synapses with granule cell interneurons. Previous transsynaptic viral tracing results have suggested that dendrodendritic synapses cluster along the lateral dendrites and are not uniformly dispersed. Since recent evidence indicates that newly generated granule cells are required for perceptual learning, we test the hypothesis that dendrodendritic clusters arise through an activity-dependent synaptic mechanism. Using computational networks of mitral and granule cells stimulated with a spectrum of virtual odors, we describe how dendrodendritic clusters can form through activity-dependent synaptic learning. The results indicate that the activation of mitral cells to various odors and the resulting backpropagating spikes in their lateral dendrites are critical to this mechanism, yet the clustering phenomenon is robust to non-Hebbian, Hebbian, and spike-time dependent plasticity learning rules. We quantify and contrast cluster formation across time with these different learning regimes using various virtual odor concentrations and mixtures. Acknowledgements: NIH/NIDCD 1R01DC009977-01 P O S T E R S Looking at the different theories of consciousness, one becomes aware that something does not smell right. Olfaction has been neglected. The olfactory system’s anatomical structure, functional organization, and sensory states raise problems for the prevailing Abstracts are printed as submitted by the author(s) Abstracts | 37
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of GSP neurons and 97% of PA neuron
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concentrations than flies raised on
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familiarity and cultural difference
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perception of purine 5’-ribonucle
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(CT), the greater superficial petro
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were significantly different from o
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MSG on NaCl is evidently highlighte
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consisting of motors and IFT comple
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wing. Philip Callahan exposed insec
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seem to indicate that total nasal v
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possibly suggesting non-apoptotic m
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of 7/10, and causing eyes to water
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showed that N1/P2 latencies were lo
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differentiated patients with AD (M=
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pleasantness 3)of mixtures (A,B), A
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Index Aarts, H - P328 Abe, K - P88,
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Haase, L - P3, P4, P29, P355 Haddad
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Murata, Y - P272 Murphy, C - P3, P4
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Veldhuizen, M - P7, P24, P25, P242,
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Registration 7:30 am to 1:00 pm, 6:
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See you next year! AChemS 33rd Annu
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Abstracts - Association for Chemoreception Sciences

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