STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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pattern with values greater than 2.0°C throughoutthe Arctic, relative to a 1968–96 reference period (Fig.5.3). These anomalies show the major feature of currentArctic conditions: a factor of two (or more) amplificationof temperature relative to lower latitudes.As noted in the Arctic sea ice section, September2009 had the third minimum sea ice extent relativeto the period when observations began in 1979. Although2009 did not have a record sea ice minimumFig. 5.2. Near-surface (1000 mb) air temperature in °Canomalies for February 2009. Anomalies are relative tothe 1968–96 mean, according to the NCEP–NCAR reanalysisthrough the NOAA /Earth Systems ResearchLaboratory, generated online at www.cdc.noaa.gov.Fig. 5.4. Lower tropospheric (850 hPa) air temperaturein °C anomalies for October 2009 relative tothe 1968–96 mean according to the NCEP–NCAR reanalysisthrough the NOAA /Earth Systems ResearchLaboratory, generated online at www.cdc.noaa.gov.Fig. 5.3. Near-surface (1000 mb) annual air temperaturein °C anomalies for 2009 over the northernhemisphere relative to 1968–96 mean according tothe NCEP–NCAR reanalysis through the NOAA /Earth Systems Research Laboratory, generated onlineat www.cdc.noaa.gov. Arctic amplification of airtemperature anomalies are a factor of two or morerelative to lower latitudes.in September, there were still extensive regions ofopen water in the Chukchi, East Siberian Laptev, andKara Seas (see sea ice section below, Fig. 5.11), whichallowed extra solar and longwave radiation to beabsorbed by the ocean (see ocean section below, Fig.5.5). This heat can be released back to the atmospherethe following autumn. This release of heat impactedtemperatures in the lower troposphere (Fig. 5.4) withconsequences for regional and far field wind patternsthrough horizontal gradients in the 500–1000 hPathickness fields (Overland and Wang 2010).The year 2009 ended with record-setting negativevalues for the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index, a conditionfavoring meridional (north-south) atmosphericflow. Thus, December 2009 and early 2010 exhibitedextremes in both warm and cold temperatures withrecord-setting snow across lower latitudes. NorthernEurasia (north of 50° latitude to the Arctic coast)S108 | juNE 2010
and North America (south of 55° latitude) were particularlycold (monthly anomalies of −2°C to −10°C).Arctic regions had anomalies of +4°C to +12°C. Whileindividual weather events cannot be directly linkedto larger scale climate changes, recent data analysisand modeling suggest a link between loss of sea iceand a shift to an increased impact from the Arcticon midlatitude climate (Francis et al. 2009; Hondaet al. 2009).c. Ocean—A. Proshutinsky, M.-L. Timmermans, I. Ashik, A. Beszczynska-Moeller,E. Carmack, I. Frolov, R. Krishfield, F. McLaughlin,J. Morison, I. Polyakov, K. Shimada, V. Sokolov, M. Steele, J. Toole,and R. Woodgate1) CirculationIn 2009, the annual wind-driven ocean circulationregime can be characterized as cyclonic (counterclockwise),with a Beaufort Gyre that is significantlyreduced in strength and a Transpolar drift that iseffectively nonexistent (Fig. 5.5). This is the firsttime that an annual cyclonic circulation regime hasbeen observed in the Arctic since 1997. The anticycloniccirculation regime that persisted through 2008lasted at least 12 years instead of the typical 5–8 yearpattern [as reported in Proshutinsky and Johnson(1997), who analyzed statistics of Arctic circulationregimes between 1948 and 1989]. The climatologicalseasonal cycle of the Arctic has anticyclonic ice andocean circulation prevailing in winter and cyclonicFig. 5.5. Simulated circulation patterns of the upper-ocean wind-driven circulation in 2007 (top),2008 (middle) and 2009 (bottom). Annual, winter, and summer circulations are shown in the left,center, and right panels, respectively.STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 juNE 2010 |S109
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Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
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Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
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4. THE TROPICS.....................
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ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
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I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
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Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
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S18 | juNE 2010
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Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
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Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
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HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
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Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
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Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
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Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
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Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
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USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
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6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
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Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
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(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
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Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
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the mid-1990s but has since levelle
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with all 42 glaciers observed retre
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of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
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Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
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(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
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Page 62 and 63: cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
Page 64 and 65: is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
Page 66 and 67: egions around the subtropical salin
Page 68 and 69: Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
Page 70 and 71: Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
Page 72 and 73: Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
Page 74 and 75: to update the CO 2climatology, ther
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Page 78 and 79: Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
Page 80 and 81: latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
Page 85 and 86: (Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
Page 89 and 90: Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
Page 91 and 92: Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
Page 93 and 94: Several previous studies have shown
Page 95 and 96: followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
Page 97 and 98: The Philippines were severely affec
Page 99 and 100: The historical SIO TC data is proba
Page 101 and 102: Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
Page 103 and 104: degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
Page 105 and 106: F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
Page 107 and 108: THE forgotten sub-BASIN—THE centr
Page 109: 5. THE ARCTIC—J. Richter-Menge, E
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 5.8. 2007-09 Atlantic water la
Page 115 and 116: d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
Page 117 and 118: e. Land1) Vegetation—D. A. Walker
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 5.18. Total annual river disch
Page 121 and 122: negative SCD anomalies were evident
Page 123 and 124: with records beginning in 1873, the
Page 125 and 126: (QuikSCAT, 2000-09) microwave remot
Page 127 and 128: 6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. Fo
Page 129 and 130: (SCAR) report ‘Antarctic Climate
Page 131 and 132: these stations in April, August, an
Page 133 and 134: e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent a
Page 135 and 136: positive ice-season duration anomal
Page 137 and 138: 7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
Page 139 and 140: first half of the year (January-Jun
Page 141 and 142: its second wettest such period. Sev
Page 143 and 144: California began the year with mode
Page 145 and 146: The first drought occurred in March
Page 147 and 148: Fig. 7.8. (a) Annual mean temperatu
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 7.11. (a) Annual mean temperat
Page 151 and 152: EXTREME rainfall and the flood of t
Page 153 and 154: Fig. 7.14. Composite for standardiz
Page 155 and 156: Fig. 7.17. Daily maximum temperatur
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Fig. 7.28. Annual mean temperature
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Fig. 7.31. Seasonal anomalies (1961
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(1706-2009), and new national recor
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cold in southern and central Finlan
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EXCEPTIONAL storm strikes northern
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7.32b). April was particularly mild
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to -44 о С) persisted in southern
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Fig. 7.39. Weather conditions in De
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on the 1971-2000 climatology) for a
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excess rainfall, while 11 subdivisi
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4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
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Wales. The warmth was particularly
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The most significant severe thunder
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mm thick, which fell on parts of No
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and Vanua Levu islands (Fiji) as a
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Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
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8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
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Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
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CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
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OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea
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Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
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Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
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Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leat
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Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
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Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
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Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
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Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
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——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
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Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
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Monthly average temperature anomali
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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