STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dhomse, S., M. Weber, J. P. Burrows, I. Wohltmann,and M. Rex, 2006: On the possible cause of recentincreases in NH total ozone from a statistical analysisof satellite data from 1979 to 2003. Atmos. Chem.Phys., 6, 1165–1180.Di Girolamo, L., A. Menzies, G. Zhao, K. Mueller, C.Moroney, and D.J. Diner, 2010: Multi-angle imagingspectroradiometer level 3 cloud fraction by altitudealgorithm theoretical basis document. JPL Publ.D-62358, 23 pp.Di Grigorio, A., and L. J. M. Jansen, 2000: Land coverclassification system, concepts and user manual.GCP/RAF/287/ITA, Africover, Food and AgriculturalOrganization of the United Nations PublishingService, Rome, Italy, 179 pp.Dlugokencky, E. J., and Coauthors, 2009: Observationalconstraints on recent increases in the atmosphericCH 4burden. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18803,doi:10.1029/2009GL039780.DNM, 2009: Fuertes precipitaciones en noviembre de2009 en Uruguay. [Available online at http://www.meteorologia.com.uy/Anomalias_Lluvias_noviembre_2009.pdf.]Domingues, C. M., J. A. Church, N. J. White, P. J. Gleckler,S. E. Wijffels, P. M. Barker, and J. R. Dunn, 2008:Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming andmulti-decadal sea-level rise. Nature, 453, 1090–1093.Drozdov, D. S., G. V. Malkova, and V. P. Melnikov, 2008:Recent advances in Russian geocryological research:A contribution to the International Polar Year. Proc.9th Int. Conf. on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska,29 June – 3 July 2008, Vol. 1, D. L. Kane and K. M.Hinkel, Eds., Institute of Northern Engineering,University of Alaska Fairbanks, 379–384.Durre, I., R. S. Vose, and D. B. Wuertz, 2006: Overviewof the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive. J.Climate, 19, 53–68.Easterling, D. R., and T. C. Peterson, 1995: A newmethod for detecting undocumented discontinuitiesin climatological time series. Int. J. Climatol., 15,367–377.Egleston, E. S., C. L. Sabine, and F. M. M. Morel, 2010:Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify theresponse of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC andalkalinity. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB1002,doi:10.1029/2008GB003407.Elliott, W. P., and D. J. Gaffen, 1991: On the utility ofradiosonde humidity archives for climate studies.Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 1507–1520.Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory fortropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance.J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585–605.Enfield, D. B., and A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, 1999: Multiscalevariabilities in global sea surface temperaturesand their relationships with tropospheric climatepatterns. J. Climate, 12, 2719–2733.Eyring, V., and Coauthors, 2006: Assessment of temperature,trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climatemodel simulations of the recent past. J. Geophys. Res.,111, D22308, doi:10.1029/2006JD007327.Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev,and J. B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization on air–sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COAREalgorithm. J. Climate., 16, 571–591.Fargione, J., J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky, and P. Hawthrone,2008: Land clearing and the biofuel carbondebt. Science, 319, 1235–1238.Fekete, B. M., C. J. Vörösmarty, and W. Grabs, 2002: Highresolution fields of global runoff combining observedriver discharge and simulated water balances. GlobalBiogeochem. Cycles, 16, doi:10.1029/1999GB001254.Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. Meier, and M. Savoie, 2009:Sea ice index. National Snow and Ice Data Center,Boulder, CO, digital media. [Available online athttp://nsicd.org/data/seaice_index/.]Fettweis, X., G. Mabille, M. Erpicum, S. Nicolay, andM. Van den Broeke, 2010: The 1958-2009 Greenlandice sheet surface melt and the mid-troposphericatmospheric circulation. Climate Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0772-8, in press.Fioletov, V. E., G. E. Bodeker, A. J. Miller, R. D. McPeters,and R. Stolarski, 2002: Global and zonal total ozonevariations estimated from ground-based and satellitemeasurements: 1964–2000. J. Geophys. Res., 107,4647, doi:10.1029/2001JD001350.Foelsche, U., B. Pirscher, M. Borsche, G. Kirchengast,and J. Wickert, 2009: Assessing the climate monitoringutility of radio occultation data: From CHAMPto FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC. Terr. Atmos. OceanicSci., 20, 155–170.Fogt, R. L., and D. H. Bromwich, 2006: Decadal variabilityof the ENSO teleconnection to the high latitudeSouth Pacific governed by coupling with the SouthernAnnular Mode. J. Climate, 19, 979–997.——, and Coauthors, 2009a: Antarctica [in “State of theClimate in 2008”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90 (8),S113–121.——, J. Perlwitz, S. Pawson, and M. A. Olsen, 2009b:Intra-annual relationships between polar ozoneand the SAM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04707,doi:10.1029/2008GL036627.S204 | juNE 2010
Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leathers, J. R. Miller,and D. E. Veron, 2009: Winter northern hemisphereweather patterns remember summer Arcticsea-ice extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07503,doi:10.1029/2009GL037274.Francis, P., and S. Gadgil, 2010: Towards understandingthe unusual Indian monsoon in 2009. J. Earth Syst.Sci., in press.Frank, W. M., and G. S. Young, 2007: The interannualvariability of tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev.,135,3587–3598.Frankignoul, C., A. Czaja, and B. L’Heveder, 1998:Air-sea feedback in the North Atlantic and surfaceboundary conditions for ocean models. J. Climate,11, 2310–2324Free, M., D. J. Seidel, J. K. Angell, J. R. Lanzante, I.Durre, and T. C. Peterson, 2005: Radiosonde AtmosphericTemperature Products for AssessingClimate (RATPAC): A new dataset of large-areaanomaly time series. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22101,doi:10.1029/2005JD006169.Frith, S., R. Stolarski, and P. K. Barthia, 2004: Implicationsof Version 8 TOMS and SBUV datafor long-term trend. Proc. Quadrennial OzoneSymposium-2004, C. Zerefos, Ed., IAMAS, 65–66.[Available online at http://acdb-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov/Data_services/merged/.]Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, 2003: Large-scaleocean heat and freshwater transports during theWorld Ocean Circulation Experiment. J. Climate,16, 696–705.GCOS, 2003: The second report on the adequacy of theGlobal Observing Systems for Climate in support ofthe UNFCCC. GCOS-82, WMO/TD No. 1143, 74 pp.[Available online at http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-82_2AR.pdf.]——, 2004: Implementation plan for the Global ObservingSystem for Climate in support of the UNFCCC.GCOS-92, WMO/TD No. 1219, 136 pp. [Availableonline at http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-92.pdf.]Giles, K. A., S. W. Laxon, and A. L. Ridout, 2008: Circumpolarthinning of Arctic sea ice following the2007 record ice extent minimum. Geophys. Res. Lett.,35, L22502, doi:10.1029/2008GL035710.Gillett, N. P., D. A. Stone, P. A. Stott, T. Nozawa, A. Y.Karpechko, G. C. Hegerl, M. F. Wehner, and P. D.Jones, 2008: Attribution of polar warming to humaninfluence. Nature Geosci., 1, 750–754.Goldenberg, S. B., and L. J. Shapiro, 1996: Physicalmechanisms for the association of El Niño and WestAfrican rainfall with Atlantic major hurricane activity.J. Climate, 9, 1169–1187.——, C. W. Landsea, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and W. M.Gray, 2001: The recent increase in Atlantic hurricaneactivity: Causes and implications. Science,293, 474–479.Goni, G., and I. Wainer, 2001: Investigation of the Brazilcurrent front dynamics from altimeter data. J.Geophys. Res., 106 (C12), doi:10.1029/2000JC000396.——, and J. A. Trinanes, 2003: Ocean thermal structuremonitoring could aid in the intensity forecast oftropical cyclones. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union,84 (51), doi:10.1029/2003EO510001.——, and Coauthors, 2009: Applications of satellitederivedocean measurements to tropical cycloneintensity forecasting. Oceanography, 22, 176–183.Gould, W. A., and J. A. Mercado-Díaz, 2008: Twenty yearrecord of vegetation change from long-term plots inAlaskan tundra. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union,89 (Fall Meeting Suppl.), Abstract C11C-0524.Gouretski, V., and K. P. Kolterman, 2007: How much isthe ocean really warming? Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,L01610, doi:10.1029/2006GL027834.Gray, W. M., 1984: Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency:Part I: El Niño and 30-mb quasi-biennial oscillationinfluences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649–1668.Gruber, N., and Coauthors, 2009: Ocean sources, sinks,and transport of atmospheric CO 2. Global Biogeochem.Cycles, 23, GB1005, doi:10.1029/2008GB003349.Haas, C., A. Pfaffling, S. Hendricks, L. Rabenstein,J.-L. Etienne, and I. Rigor, 2008: Reduced icethickness in Arctic transpolar drift favors rapidice retreat. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17501,doi:10.1029/2008GL034457.Haeberli, W., and M. Hoelzle, 1995: Application forinventory data for estimating characteristics of andregional climate-change effects on mountain glaciers:a pilot study with the European Alps. Ann. Glaciol.,21, 206–212.Hagemann, S., and L. Dümenil, 1998: A parameterizationof the lateral waterflow for the global scale.Climate Dyn., 14, 17–31.Hahn, C. J., and S. G. Warren, 2007: A gridded climatologyof clouds over land (1971–1996) and ocean(1954–1997) from surface observations worldwide.ORNL/CDIAC-153, NDP-026E. [Available onlinefrom http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp026e/ndp026e.html.]Haimberger, L., C. Tavola, and S. Sperka, 2008: Towardelimination of the warm bias in historic radiosondetemperature records. Some new results from a comprehensiveintercomparison of upper air data. J.Climate, 21, 4587–4606.AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY juNE 2010 |S205
Page 8 and 9:
Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
Page 10 and 11:
Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
Page 12 and 13:
4. THE TROPICS.....................
Page 14 and 15:
ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
Page 16 and 17:
I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
Page 18 and 19:
Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
Page 20 and 21:
S18 | juNE 2010
Page 22 and 23:
Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
Page 25:
Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
Page 28 and 29:
HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
Page 30 and 31:
Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
Page 32 and 33:
Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
Page 34 and 35:
Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
Page 36 and 37:
Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
Page 38 and 39:
USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
Page 40 and 41:
6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
Page 42 and 43:
Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
Page 45 and 46:
(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
Page 47 and 48:
Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
Page 50 and 51:
the mid-1990s but has since levelle
Page 52 and 53:
with all 42 glaciers observed retre
Page 54 and 55:
of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
Page 56 and 57:
Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
Page 58 and 59:
(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
Page 60 and 61:
strong there, consistent with anoma
Page 62 and 63:
cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
Page 64 and 65:
is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
Page 66 and 67:
egions around the subtropical salin
Page 68 and 69:
Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
Page 70 and 71:
Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
Page 72 and 73:
Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
Page 74 and 75:
to update the CO 2climatology, ther
Page 76 and 77:
µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
Page 80 and 81:
latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
Page 83 and 84:
Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
Page 85 and 86:
(Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
Page 93 and 94:
Several previous studies have shown
Page 95 and 96:
followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
Page 97 and 98:
The Philippines were severely affec
Page 99 and 100:
The historical SIO TC data is proba
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
Page 103 and 104:
degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
Page 105 and 106:
F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
Page 107 and 108:
THE forgotten sub-BASIN—THE centr
Page 109 and 110:
5. THE ARCTIC—J. Richter-Menge, E
Page 111 and 112:
and North America (south of 55° la
Page 113 and 114:
Fig. 5.8. 2007-09 Atlantic water la
Page 115 and 116:
d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
Page 117 and 118:
e. Land1) Vegetation—D. A. Walker
Page 119 and 120:
Fig. 5.18. Total annual river disch
Page 121 and 122:
negative SCD anomalies were evident
Page 123 and 124:
with records beginning in 1873, the
Page 125 and 126:
(QuikSCAT, 2000-09) microwave remot
Page 127 and 128:
6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. Fo
Page 129 and 130:
(SCAR) report ‘Antarctic Climate
Page 131 and 132:
these stations in April, August, an
Page 133 and 134:
e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent a
Page 135 and 136:
positive ice-season duration anomal
Page 137 and 138:
7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
Page 139 and 140:
first half of the year (January-Jun
Page 141 and 142:
its second wettest such period. Sev
Page 143 and 144:
California began the year with mode
Page 145 and 146:
The first drought occurred in March
Page 147 and 148:
Fig. 7.8. (a) Annual mean temperatu
Page 149 and 150:
Fig. 7.11. (a) Annual mean temperat
Page 151 and 152:
EXTREME rainfall and the flood of t
Page 153 and 154:
Fig. 7.14. Composite for standardiz
Page 155 and 156: Fig. 7.17. Daily maximum temperatur
Page 157 and 158: (ii) PrecipitationDecember to Febru
Page 159 and 160: For Zimbabwe, the rainfall season,
Page 161 and 162: Fig. 7.28. Annual mean temperature
Page 163 and 164: Fig. 7.31. Seasonal anomalies (1961
Page 165 and 166: (1706-2009), and new national recor
Page 167 and 168: cold in southern and central Finlan
Page 169 and 170: EXCEPTIONAL storm strikes northern
Page 171 and 172: 7.32b). April was particularly mild
Page 173 and 174: to -44 о С) persisted in southern
Page 175 and 176: Fig. 7.39. Weather conditions in De
Page 177 and 178: on the 1971-2000 climatology) for a
Page 179 and 180: excess rainfall, while 11 subdivisi
Page 181 and 182: 4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
Page 183 and 184: Wales. The warmth was particularly
Page 185 and 186: The most significant severe thunder
Page 187 and 188: mm thick, which fell on parts of No
Page 189 and 190: and Vanua Levu islands (Fiji) as a
Page 191 and 192: Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
Page 193 and 194: 8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
Page 195 and 196: Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
Page 197 and 198: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
Page 199 and 200: CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
Page 201 and 202: OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea
Page 203 and 204: Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
Page 205: Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
Page 209 and 210: Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
Page 211 and 212: Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
Page 213 and 214: Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
Page 215 and 216: Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
Page 217 and 218: ——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
Page 219 and 220: Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
Page 224: Monthly average temperature anomali
show all

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?