STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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Fig. 7.22. Cumulative rainfall for (a) Neghelle, Ethiopia, (b) Dagoretti,Kenya and (c) Kigoma, Tanzania. (Source: ICPAC, 2009.)and eastern Sudan, western and centralEthiopia, western Eritrea, central Kenya,and central Tanzania received more than75% for the period.March to May (MAM) is the main rainfallseason over the equatorial sector. Theonset of the MAM 2009 seasonal rainfallwas rather late and the ending early. Thewestern areas of both southern and equatorialsectors received 75%–125% of theirlong-term average. The rest of the GHAreceived less than 75% of their long-termaverage. The poor rainfall distribution resultedin crop failure and loss of livestockand wildlife due to drought conditions.June to August is the main rainfall seasonover the northern sector and also thecoldest period over the equatorial sector.The western parts of the equatorial sectorreceived substantive rainfall over thisperiod. The northern sector and northernparts of the equatorial sector received lessthan 75% of their long-term average. Localizedareas over northern Uganda, northern andcentral Ethiopia, and central Sudan received nearnormalprecipitation.September to December marks the second rainfallseason (short rainfall season) over the equatorial sector.GHA, especially the equatorial sector, has one ofthe strongest climatic signals of ENSO events in termsof rainfall. The onset of ENSO for the short rainfallseason was timely. However, over several locations,the distribution was not uniform with prolongedperiods of dryness immediately followed by the onsetof the rainfall season. Much of the GHA receivedbetween 75% and 125% of their long-term average,with eastern and northwestern Kenya, southern partsof Somalia, and central Tanzania receiving more than175% of their long-term average (Fig. 7.21b). Episodicrainfall events towards the end of the period resultedin localized flooding in several parts of the centralequatorial sector.Fig. 7.22 compares the cumulative 10-day rainfalltotals for 2009 with their long-term average. Neghelle,in southern Ethiopia, represents northern sector;Dagoretti, in central Kenya, represents equatorialsector; and Kigoma, in western Tanzania, representsthe southern sector. The figure shows the rainfalldeficit in the northern and equatorial sectors andadequate rainfall in the southern sector. The rainfalldeficits resulted in cumulative climate stress whichhad both direct and indirect impacts on the climatedependentsectors. Such impacts that were observedin 2009 include loss of livestock due to inadequatepastures, crop failure resulting in food insecurity,scarcity of the water resources resulting in rationingof hydropower and limited water for domestic andindustrial uses, poor health resulting from malnutrition,and contamination of the water sources amongother socioeconomic challenges.4) Southern Africa—A. Kruger, C. McBride, A. Mhanda, J.Banda, and W. M. ThiawThis region includes the countries south of 15°Swith more focus on South Africa and Zimbabwe.(i) TemperatureFor South Africa, the annual mean temperatureanomalies for 2009, based on 27 climatological stations,was about 0.4°C above the reference period(1961–90). This made 2009 the 15th warmest yearsince 1961. Fig. 7.23 shows that the past 13 years wereall above normal. For Zimbabwe, the temperatureswere near normal with no records broken throughoutthe year.(ii) PrecipitationThe mean rainfall of South Africa is temporallyand spatially very diverse. The main features are thefairly regular decrease in rainfall from east to westand also the marked influence of orographic featuresS156 | juNE 2010
For Zimbabwe, the rainfall season, from November2008–March 2009, was characterized by normal to abovenormalrainfall in most parts of the country. Rainfallamounts were generally moderate with no outstandingdaily totals. The last two weeks of the season were verydry across the whole country. Overall, the December2008–February 2009 rainfall anomalies for SouthernAfrica were near normal (Fig. 7.25).Fig. 7.23. Annual mean temperature anomalies (basedon 1961–90) average over 27 stations in South Africa,1961–2009. (Source: South African Weather Service.)(iii) Notable eventsOn 2 January, 45 families were left homeless when astorm accompanied by strong winds destroyed areas ofTaung in the northwest. Villages that were affected includeon the rainfall. The latter is most pronounced overthe northeastern escarpment, the area around thenorthern border with Lesotho, and the southwesternand southern Cape. The average annual rainfall overthe coastal plateau of the southwestern Cape is about400 mm but in the mountains it ranges to more than2000 mm in some locations. Although it is clear thatthere is a relationship between rainfall and elevation,other factors such as distance from the sea, rainbearingwinds, and type of rainfall (convective orfrontal) also play a role.The 2009 rainfall anomalies (Fig. 7.24) reflectedthe mean rainfall pattern, as most places in SouthAfrica measured 75%–150% of the 1961–90 average.The most notable exception was the south and southeasterncoast and adjacent interior, which receivedmainly less than 75% of its annual mean.Fig. 7.24. Rainfall anomalies (expressed as percentageof 1961–90) for South Africa for 2009. (Source: SouthAfrican Weather Service.)Fig. 7.25. (a) December 2008 to February 2009 rainfall(mm) for Southern Africa and (b) December 2008 toFebruary 2009 anomalies (expressed as percentage of1971–2000). (Source: NOAA/NCEP.)STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 juNE 2010 |S157
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Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
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Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
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4. THE TROPICS.....................
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ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
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I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
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Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
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S18 | juNE 2010
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Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
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Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
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HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
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Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
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Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
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Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
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Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
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USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
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6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
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Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
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(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
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Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
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the mid-1990s but has since levelle
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with all 42 glaciers observed retre
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of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
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Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
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(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
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strong there, consistent with anoma
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cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
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is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
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egions around the subtropical salin
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Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
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Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
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Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
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to update the CO 2climatology, ther
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µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
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Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
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latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
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Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
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(Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
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Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
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Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
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Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
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Several previous studies have shown
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followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
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The Philippines were severely affec
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The historical SIO TC data is proba
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Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
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degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
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F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
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Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
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Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
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Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
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Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
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——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
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Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
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Monthly average temperature anomali
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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