STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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4. THE TROPICS....................................................................................................................................................................79a. Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................79b. El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the tropical Pacific............................................................................791. Ocean conditions........................................................................................................................................................792. Atmospheric circulation...........................................................................................................................................803. ENSO temperature and precipitation impacts...................................................................................................82c. Tropical intraseasional activity......................................................................................................................................82d. Tropical cyclones..............................................................................................................................................................841. Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................842. Atlantic basin...............................................................................................................................................................843. Eastern North Pacific (ENP) basin.........................................................................................................................884. Western North Pacific (WNP) basin....................................................................................................................915. Indian Ocean basins...................................................................................................................................................956. Southwest Pacific basin.............................................................................................................................................977. Australian region basin..............................................................................................................................................98e. TC Heat Potential (TCHP).............................................................................................................................................99f. Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZ)..................................................................................................................1001. Pacific.............................................................................................................................................................................1002. Atlantic..........................................................................................................................................................................102g. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)............................................................................................................................................1035. THE ARCTIC.......................................................................................................................................................................107a. Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................107b. Atmosphere .......................................................................................................................................................................107c. Ocean...................................................................................................................................................................................1091. Circulation....................................................................................................................................................................1092. Water temperature and salinity.............................................................................................................................1103. Sea level.........................................................................................................................................................................112d. Sea Ice Cover.....................................................................................................................................................................1131. Sea ice extent...............................................................................................................................................................1132. Sea ice age and thickness..........................................................................................................................................113e. Land......................................................................................................................................................................................1151. Vegetation.....................................................................................................................................................................1152. Permafrost....................................................................................................................................................................1163. River discharge............................................................................................................................................................1164. Terrestrial snow..........................................................................................................................................................1175. Glaciers outside Greenland.....................................................................................................................................119f. Greenland............................................................................................................................................................................1211. Coastal surface air temperatures...........................................................................................................................1212. Upper-air temperatures...........................................................................................................................................1213. Atmospheric circulation anomalies .......................................................................................................................1224. Surface melt extent and duration..........................................................................................................................1225. Precipitation and surface mass balance................................................................................................................1236. North water polynya.................................................................................................................................................1237. Outlet glaciers.............................................................................................................................................................1246. ANTARCTICA....................................................................................................................................................................125a. Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................125b. Atmospheric circulation .................................................................................................................................................127S10 | juNE 2010
c. Surface manned and automatic weather station observations.............................................................................128d. Surface mass balance.......................................................................................................................................................129e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent and duration........................................................................................................131f. Sea ice extent and concentration..................................................................................................................................131g. Ozone depletion ...............................................................................................................................................................1337. REGIONAL CLIMATES..................................................................................................................................................135a. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................135b. North America..................................................................................................................................................................1351. Canada...........................................................................................................................................................................1352. United States...............................................................................................................................................................1373. Mexico...........................................................................................................................................................................142c. Central America and the Caribbean............................................................................................................................1431. Central America..........................................................................................................................................................1432. The Caribbean.............................................................................................................................................................144d. South America...................................................................................................................................................................1461. Northern South America and the tropical Andes.............................................................................................1462. Tropical South America east of the Andes..........................................................................................................1483. Southern South America..........................................................................................................................................150e. Africa....................................................................................................................................................................................1521. Northern Africa..........................................................................................................................................................1522. Western Africa............................................................................................................................................................1543. Eastern Africa..............................................................................................................................................................1544. Southern Africa...........................................................................................................................................................1565. Western Indian Ocean countries...........................................................................................................................158f. Europe...................................................................................................................................................................................1601. Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................1602. Central and Western Europe..................................................................................................................................1623. The Nordic and Baltic Countries...........................................................................................................................1644. Iberia..............................................................................................................................................................................1665. Mediterranean, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas....................................................................................................1676. Eastern Europe............................................................................................................................................................1687. Middle East....................................................................................................................................................................169g. Asia .......................................................................................................................................................................................1701. Russia .............................................................................................................................................................................1702. East Asia........................................................................................................................................................................1743. South Asia.....................................................................................................................................................................1764. Southwest Asia............................................................................................................................................................179h. Oceania................................................................................................................................................................................1801. Australia........................................................................................................................................................................1802. New Zealand ...............................................................................................................................................................1843. Southwest Pacific........................................................................................................................................................1854. Northwest Pacific.......................................................................................................................................................1888. SEASONAL SUMMARIES............................................................................................................................................191Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................................................................195Appendix: Acronyms...................................................................................................................................................................196References.....................................................................................................................................................................................200STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 juNE 2010 |S11
Page 8 and 9: Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
Page 10 and 11: Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
Page 14 and 15: ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
Page 16 and 17: I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
Page 18 and 19: Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
Page 20 and 21: S18 | juNE 2010
Page 22 and 23: Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
Page 25: Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
Page 28 and 29: HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
Page 34 and 35: Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
Page 36 and 37: Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
Page 38 and 39: USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
Page 40 and 41: 6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
Page 42 and 43: Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
Page 45 and 46: (C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
Page 50 and 51: the mid-1990s but has since levelle
Page 52 and 53: with all 42 glaciers observed retre
Page 54 and 55: of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
Page 56 and 57: Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
Page 58 and 59: (Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
Page 60 and 61: strong there, consistent with anoma
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cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
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is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
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egions around the subtropical salin
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Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
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Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
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Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
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to update the CO 2climatology, ther
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µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
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Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
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latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
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Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
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(Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
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Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
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Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
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Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
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Several previous studies have shown
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followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
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The Philippines were severely affec
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The historical SIO TC data is proba
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Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
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degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
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F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
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THE forgotten sub-BASIN—THE centr
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5. THE ARCTIC—J. Richter-Menge, E
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and North America (south of 55° la
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Fig. 5.8. 2007-09 Atlantic water la
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d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
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e. Land1) Vegetation—D. A. Walker
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Fig. 5.18. Total annual river disch
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negative SCD anomalies were evident
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with records beginning in 1873, the
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(QuikSCAT, 2000-09) microwave remot
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6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. Fo
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(SCAR) report ‘Antarctic Climate
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these stations in April, August, an
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e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent a
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positive ice-season duration anomal
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7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
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first half of the year (January-Jun
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its second wettest such period. Sev
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California began the year with mode
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The first drought occurred in March
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Fig. 7.8. (a) Annual mean temperatu
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Fig. 7.11. (a) Annual mean temperat
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EXTREME rainfall and the flood of t
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Fig. 7.14. Composite for standardiz
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Fig. 7.17. Daily maximum temperatur
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(ii) PrecipitationDecember to Febru
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For Zimbabwe, the rainfall season,
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Fig. 7.28. Annual mean temperature
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Fig. 7.31. Seasonal anomalies (1961
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(1706-2009), and new national recor
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cold in southern and central Finlan
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EXCEPTIONAL storm strikes northern
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7.32b). April was particularly mild
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to -44 о С) persisted in southern
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Fig. 7.39. Weather conditions in De
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on the 1971-2000 climatology) for a
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excess rainfall, while 11 subdivisi
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4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
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Wales. The warmth was particularly
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The most significant severe thunder
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mm thick, which fell on parts of No
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and Vanua Levu islands (Fiji) as a
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Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
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8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
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Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
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CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
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OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea
Page 203 and 204:
Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
Page 205 and 206:
Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
Page 207 and 208:
Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leat
Page 209 and 210:
Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
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Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
Page 213 and 214:
Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
Page 215 and 216:
Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
Page 217 and 218:
——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
Page 219 and 220:
Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
Page 224:
Monthly average temperature anomali
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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