STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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hPaICPACIGYINPEINSTAARIOIODIODEIPCCIPCC AR4IRIRIMOISCCPITCZIUKJASJASOJFMJGOFSJJAJMAJPLJRAJTWCKNMILaRCLHFMAMMBTMCYCMDRMEIMERISMHMISRMJOMLOMLSHectopascal (1 mb)IGAD Climate Prediction andApplications CentreInternational Geophysical YearNational Institute for SpaceResearch, BrazilInstitute of Arctic and AlpineResearchIndian OceanIndian Ocean dipoleeastern pole of the Indian OceanDipoleIntergovernmental Panel onClimate ChangeIPCC Fourth Assessment report(published in 2007)InfraredIslamic Republic of IranMeteorological OrganizationInternational Satellite CloudClimatology ProjectIntertropical convergence zoneiterative universal KrigingJuly–August–SeptemberJuly–August–September–OctoberJanuary–February–MarchJoint Global Ocean Flux StudyJune–July–AugustJapanese Meteorological AgencyJet Propulsion LaboratoryJapanese ReanalysisU.S. Navy’s Joint Typhoon WarningCenterRoyal Netherlands MeteorologicalInstituteLangley Research CenterLatent heat fluxMarch–April–Maymechanical bathythermographMajor cycloneMain Development RegionMultivariate ENSO IndexMedium Resolution ImagingSpectrometerMajor hurricaneMultiangle ImagingSpectroRadiometerMadden–Julian oscillationMauna Loa ObservatoryMicrowave Limb SounderMM5MOCMOCHAMODISMOPITTMSLPMSUMTSATN 2ONAMNAMOSNAONARRNASANCARNCDCNCEPNDVINEMNERCNHNHCNIFCNIONOAANOMADSNPEONPPNRTSINSNSIDCNSWNWSO 3Fifth-generation Pennsylvania StateUniversity–National Center forAtmospheric Research MesoscaleModelMeridional overturning currentMeridional OverturningCirculation Heat Transport ArrayModerate Resolution ImagingSpecroradiometerMeasurements of Pollution in theTropospheremean sea level pressureMicrowave Sounding UnitMultifunctional TransportSatellitesNitrous oxideNorthern annular modeNansen and Amundsen BasinObservational SystemNorth Atlantic OscillationNorth American RegionalReanalysisNational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationNational Center for AtmosphericResearchNational Climatic Data CenterNational Center for EnvironmentalPredictionNormalized difference vegetationindexNortheast monsoonNational Environmental ResearchCouncilNorthern HemisphereNational Hurricane CenterNational Interagency Fire CenterNorthern Indian OceanNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationNational Operational ModelArchive and Distribution SystemNorth Pole EnvironmentalObservatoryNet primary productionNear Real-Time SSM/I PlarGridded Sea Ice ConcentrationsNamed stormNational Snow and Ice Data CenterNew South Wales, AustraliaNational Weather ServiceOzoneS198 | juNE 2010
OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air–SeaFluxesODGIOzone Depleting Gas IndexOHHydroxide anionOHCAOcean Heat Content AnomalyOIOptimal interpolationOISST, v2 Optimal Interpolation SST, version2OLROutgoing longwave radiationOMIOzone Monitoring InstrumentONIOceanic Niño IndexOPIOLR precipitation indexOSCAR Ocean Surface Current Analysis–Real TimePATMOS (-x) Pathfinder Atmospheres (ExtendedProduct)pCO 2Carbon dioxide partial pressurePDOPacific decadal oscillationPg Petagram (1015 g)PIRATA Pilot Research Array in theTropical AtlanticPMELPacific Marine EnvironmentalLaboratoryPNGPapau New GuineaPO.DDAC Physical Oceanography DistributedActive Archive CenterppbParts per billionppbvParts per billion by volumeppmParts per millionpptParts per trillionPSCPolar stratospheric cloudPSSPractical salinity scalePTtotal precipitationQBOQuasi-biennial oscillationQuikSCAT Quick ScatterometerRAMAResearch Moored Array forAfrican-Asian-Australian MonsoonAnalysis PredictionRAOBCORE Radiosonde Observation CorrectionRATPAC Radiosonde AtmosphericTemperature Products forAssessing ClimateRICHRadiosonde Innovation CompositeHomogenizationRSMCRegional SpecializedMeteorological Center TokyoRSSRemote Sensing SystemsSAMSouthern annular modeSATsurface air temperatureSBUVSolar Backscatter UltravioletSCDsnow covered durationSCEsnow cover extentSCIAMACHY Scanning Imaging AbsorptionSpectrometer for AtmosphericChartographySCSSouth China SeaSDsnow depthSeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field of ViewSF 6Sulfur hexafluorideSHSouthern HemisphereSHFSensible heat fluxΣChlPhotic zone chlorophyllSIOSouthern Indian OceanSLSea levelSLPSea level pressureSMMRScanning Multichannel MicrowaveRadiometerSOBSsurface weather observationsSOISouthern Oscillation indexSONSeptember–October–NovemberSPCZSouth Pacific convergence zoneSPOTVGT satelliteSRESSpecial Report on EmissionsScenariosSSALTO/DUACS Segment Sol MultimissionAltimetry and Orbitography/Developing Use of Altimetry forClimate StudiesSSM/ISpecial Sensor Microwave ImagerSSSSea surface salinitySSTSea surface temperatureSSTASea surface temperature anomalySSUStratosphere Sounding UnitsSTARCenter for Satellite Applicationsand ResearchSTYSupertyphoonSv Sverdrups (1 Sv ≡ 10 6 m 3 s –1 )SWISummer warmth indexSWPSouthwest PacificTAOTropical Atmosphere OceanTATLTropical AtlanticTCTropical cycloneTCHPTropical cyclone heat potentialTCWVTotal Column Water VaporTDTropical depressionTI-NDVI time-integrated NDVITLTtemperature of the lowertroposphereTMITropical Rainfall MeasuringMission Microwave ImagerTOAtop of atmosphereTOMSTotal Ozone Mapping SpectrometerTRMM Tropical Rainfall MeasuringMissionTSTropical stormAMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY juNE 2010 |S199
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Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
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Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
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4. THE TROPICS.....................
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ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
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I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
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Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
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S18 | juNE 2010
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Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
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Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
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HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
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Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
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Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
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Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
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Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
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USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
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6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
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Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
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(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
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Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
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the mid-1990s but has since levelle
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with all 42 glaciers observed retre
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of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
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Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
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(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
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strong there, consistent with anoma
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cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
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is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
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egions around the subtropical salin
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Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
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Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
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Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
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to update the CO 2climatology, ther
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µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
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Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
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latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
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Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
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(Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
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Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
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Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
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Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
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Several previous studies have shown
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followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
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The Philippines were severely affec
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The historical SIO TC data is proba
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Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
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degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
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F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
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THE forgotten sub-BASIN—THE centr
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5. THE ARCTIC—J. Richter-Menge, E
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and North America (south of 55° la
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Fig. 5.8. 2007-09 Atlantic water la
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d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
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e. Land1) Vegetation—D. A. Walker
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Fig. 5.18. Total annual river disch
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negative SCD anomalies were evident
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with records beginning in 1873, the
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(QuikSCAT, 2000-09) microwave remot
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6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. Fo
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(SCAR) report ‘Antarctic Climate
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these stations in April, August, an
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e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent a
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positive ice-season duration anomal
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7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
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first half of the year (January-Jun
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its second wettest such period. Sev
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California began the year with mode
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The first drought occurred in March
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Fig. 7.8. (a) Annual mean temperatu
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Page 151 and 152: EXTREME rainfall and the flood of t
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Page 159 and 160: For Zimbabwe, the rainfall season,
Page 161 and 162: Fig. 7.28. Annual mean temperature
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Page 167 and 168: cold in southern and central Finlan
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Page 171 and 172: 7.32b). April was particularly mild
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Page 175 and 176: Fig. 7.39. Weather conditions in De
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Page 181 and 182: 4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
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Page 191 and 192: Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
Page 193 and 194: 8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
Page 195 and 196: Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
Page 197 and 198: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
Page 199: CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
Page 203 and 204: Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
Page 205 and 206: Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
Page 207 and 208: Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leat
Page 209 and 210: Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
Page 211 and 212: Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
Page 213 and 214: Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
Page 215 and 216: Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
Page 217 and 218: ——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
Page 219 and 220: Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
Page 224: Monthly average temperature anomali
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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