Timokhov, L., and F. Tanis, Eds., 1997: EnvironmentalWorking Group Joint U.S.-Russian Atlas of the ArcticOcean-Winter Period. Environmental Research Instituteof Michigan in association with the NationalSnow and Ice Data Center, CD-ROM.——, and ——, Eds., 1998: Environmental Working GroupJoint U.S.-Russian Atlas of the Arctic Ocean-SummerPeriod. Environmental Research Institute of Michiganin association with the National Snow and IceData Center, CD-ROM.Trenberth, K. E., <strong>2009</strong>: An imperative for climate changeplanning: tracking Earth’s global energy. CurrentOpinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 19–27.——, and J. T. Fasullo, 2010: Tracking Earth’s energy.Science, 328, 316–317.——, ——, and L. Smith, 2005: Trends and variability incolumn-integrated atmospheric water vapor. ClimateDyn., 24, 741–758.——, and Coauthors, 2010: Intergovernmental Panelfor Climate Change (IPCC) and the attribution andprediction of climate: Progress since the fourth assessment.Proceedings of the OceanObs’09: SustainedOcean Observations and Information for SocietyConference (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September<strong>2009</strong>, J. Hall et al., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.Trigo, R. M., I. M. Trigo, C. C. DaCamara, and T. J.Osborn, 2004: Winter blocking episodes in theEuropean-Atlantic sector: Climate impacts andassociated physical mechanisms in the reanalysis.Climate Dyn., 23, 17–28.Turner, J., 2004: Review: The El Niño-Southern Oscillationand Antarctica. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1–31.——, and Coauthors, 2005: Antarctic climate changeduring the last 50 years. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 279–294.Ukraintseva, N. G., 2008: Vegetation response tolandslide spreading and climate change in the westSiberian tundra. Proc. 9th International Conf. onPermafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, D. L. Kane and K. M.Hinkel, Eds., Vol. 2, Institute of Northern Engineering,University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1793–1798.Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 reanalysis.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012 .Våge, K., and Coauthors, <strong>2009</strong>: Surprising return of deepconvection to the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean inwinter 2007–2008. Nature Geosci., 2, 67–72.Van den Broeke, M. R., W. J. van de Berg, E. vanMeijgaard, and C. H. Reijmer, 2006: Identificationof Antarctic ablation areas using a regional atmosphericclimate model. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18110,doi:10.1029/2006JD007127.Van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, G. J.Collatz, P. S. Kasibhatla, and A. F. Arellano, 2006:Interannual variability in global biomass burningemissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmos. Chem. Phys.,6, 3423–3441.Van Oldenborgh, G. J., and G. Burgers, 2005: Searchingfor decadal variations in ENSO precipitationteleconnections. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15701,doi:10.1029/2005GL023110.Venegas, S. A., and M. R. Drinkwater, 2001: Sea ice,atmosphere and upper ocean variability in theWeddell Sea, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 106, C8,doi:10.1029/2000JC000594.Vörösmarty, C. J., C. A. Federer, and A. L. Schloss, 1998:Potential evaporation functions compared on USwatersheds: Possible implications for global-scalewater balance and terrestrial ecosystem modeling.J. Hydrol., 207, 147–169.——, and Coauthors, 2002: Global water data: A newlyendangered species. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys.Union, 82, 54,56,58.Vose, R. S., R. L. Schmoyer, P. M. Steurer, T. C. Peterson,R. Heim, T. R. Karl, and J. Eischeid, 1992: TheGlobal Historical Climatology Network: Long-termmonthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure,and station pressure data. ORNL/CDIAC-53,NDP-041. [Available online at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp041/ndp041.html.]Vyushin, D., V. E. Fioletov, and T. G. Shepherd, 2007:Impact of long-range correlations on trend detectionin total ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14307,doi:10.1029/2006JD008168.Waliser, D. E., and C. Gautier, 1993: A satellite-derivedclimatology of the ITCZ. J. Climate, 6, 2162–2174.Walker, D. A., and Coauthors, <strong>2009</strong>: Spatial and temporalpatterns of greenness on the Yamal Peninsula,Russia: interactions of ecological and social factorsaffecting the Arctic normalized vegetation index.Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045004.Wang, B., and J. C. L. Chan, 2002: How strong ENSOevents affect tropical storm activity over the westernNorth Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 1643–1658.Wang, C., and S.-K. Lee, 2010: Is hurricane activity inone basin tied to another? Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys.Union, 91, 93–94.Wang, J., L. Zhang, A. Dai, T. Van Hove, and J. VanBaelen, 2007: A near-global, 8-year, 2-hourly data setof atmospheric precipitable water from ground-basedGPS measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11107,doi:10.1029/2006JD007529.S216 | juNE 2010
Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown, 2008: Detection of Pan-Arctic terrestrial snowmelt from QuikSCAT, 2000 – 2005.Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3794–3805.Wann, T. C., 1974: Hurricanes in the Central-Eastern Pacific.Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 396–397.Watson, A., and Coauthors, <strong>2009</strong>: Tracking the variableNorth Atlantic sink for atmospheric CO 2.Science, 326,1391–1393.Weber, M., S. Dhomse, F. Wittrock, A. Richter, B.-M.Sinnhuber, and J. P. Burrows, 2003: Dynamical controlof NH and SH winter/spring total ozone from GOMEobservations in 1995-2002. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1853,doi:10.1029/2002GL016799.——, L. N. Lamsal, and J. P. Burrows, 2007: ImprovedSCIAMACHY WFDOAS total ozone retrieval: Stepstowards homogenising long-term total ozone datasetsfrom GOME, SCIAMACHY, and GOME2. Proc. EnvisatSymposium 2007, ESA SP-636, Montreux, Switzerland,European Space Agency, 5 pp. [Available online athttp://envisat.esa.int/envisatsymposium/proceedings/posters/3P4/463281we.pdf.]Wentz, F. J., 1997: A well-calibrated ocean algorithm forSpecial Sensor Microwave / Imager. J. Geophys. Res., 102,8703–8718.——, L. Ricciardulli, K. A. Hilburn, and C. A. Mears, 2007:How much more rain will global warming bring? Science,317, 233–235.WGMS, 2007: Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin No. 9 (2004-2005). World Glacier Monitoring Service, 100 pp.——, 2008: Global glacier changes: Facts and figures. UNEP-World Glacier Monitoring Service, Zurich, Switzerland,88 pp.——, <strong>2009</strong>: Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin No. 10 (2006-2007).World Glacier Monitoring Service, 96 pp.Wheeler, M., and G. N. Kiladis, 1999: Convectively coupledequatorial waves: Analysis of clouds and temperature inthe wavenumber-frequency domain. J. Atmos. Sci., 56,374–399.——, and K. M. Weickmann, 2001: Real-time monitoring andprediction of modes of coherent synoptic to intraseasonaltropical variability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2677–2694.Whitney, L. D., and J. S. Hobgood, 1997: The relationship betweensea surface temperatures and maximum intensitiesof tropical cyclones in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean.J. Climate, 10, 2921–2930.Wielicki, B. A., and Coauthors, 1998: Clouds and the Earth’sRadiant Energy System (CERES): algorithm overview.IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1127–1141.Wijffels, S. E., R. W. Schmitt, H. L. Bryden, and A. Stigebrandt,1992: Freshwater transport by the ocean. J. Phys.Oceanogr., 22, 155–162.——, J. Willis, C. M. Domingues, P. Barker, N. J. White,A. Gronell, K. Ridgway, and J. A. Church, 2008:Changing expendable bathythermograph fall-ratesand their impact on estimates of thermosteric sealevel rise. J. Climate, 21, 5657–5672.Williams, W. D., 1993: The worldwide occurrence andlimnological significance of falling water-levels inlarge, permanent, saline lakes. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor.Angew. Limnol., 25, 980–983.Willis, J. K., D. Roemmich, and B. Cornuelle, 2004:Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content,temperature, and thermosteric expansionon global scales. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12036,doi:10.1029/2003JC002260.——, J. M. Lyman, G. C. Johnson, and J. Gilson, 2007: Correctionto recent cooling of the upper ocean. Geophys.Res. Lett., 34, L16601, doi:10.1029/2007GL030323.Willmott, C. J., S. M. Robeson, and M. J. Janis, 1996:Comparison of approaches for estimating timeaveragedprecipitation using data from the USA. Int.J. Climatol., 16, 1103–1115.Wisser, D., S. Frolking, E. M. Douglas, B. M. Fekete,C. J. Vörösmarty, and A. H. Schumann, 2008:Global irrigation water demand: Variability anduncertainties arising from agricultural and climatedata sets. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24408,doi:10.1029/2008GL035296.——, ——, ——, ——, A. H. Schuman, and C. J.Vörösmarty, 2010: The significance of local waterresources captured in small reservoirs for cropproduction - A global-scale analysis. J. Hydrol., 384,264–275.WMO, 2007: Workshop on the re-design and optimizationof the space-based Global Observing System.Final Report. WMO Headquarters, 12 pp. [Availableonline at http://www.wmo.ch/pages///prog//sat/documents/OPT-2F<strong>IN</strong>AL-Report.pdf.]——, 2010: WMO statement on the status of the climatein <strong>2009</strong>. WMO No.1055, 16 pp. [Available online athttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/documents/WMOStatement<strong>2009</strong>.pdf.]Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay,2010: The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux andanomalous Arctic sea ice retreat Geophys. Res. Lett.,37, L01602, doi:10.1029/<strong>2009</strong>GL041621.Wooster, M. J., G. Roberts, G. L. W. Perry, and Y. J.Kaufman, 2005: Retrieval of biomass combustionrates and totals from fire radiative power observations:FRP derivation and calibration relationshipsbetween biomass consumption and fire radiativeenergy release. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24311,doi:10.1029/2005JD006318.AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY juNE 2010 |S217
- Page 8 and 9:
Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
- Page 10 and 11:
Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
- Page 12 and 13:
4. THE TROPICS.....................
- Page 14 and 15:
ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
- Page 16 and 17:
I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
- Page 18 and 19:
Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
- Page 20 and 21:
S18 | juNE 2010
- Page 22 and 23:
Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
- Page 25:
Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
- Page 28 and 29:
HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
- Page 30 and 31:
Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
- Page 32 and 33:
Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
- Page 34 and 35:
Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
- Page 36 and 37:
Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
- Page 38 and 39:
USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
- Page 40 and 41:
6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
- Page 42 and 43:
Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
- Page 45 and 46:
(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
- Page 47 and 48:
Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
- Page 50 and 51:
the mid-1990s but has since levelle
- Page 52 and 53:
with all 42 glaciers observed retre
- Page 54 and 55:
of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
- Page 56 and 57:
Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
- Page 58 and 59:
(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
- Page 60 and 61:
strong there, consistent with anoma
- Page 62 and 63:
cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
- Page 64 and 65:
is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
- Page 66 and 67:
egions around the subtropical salin
- Page 68 and 69:
Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
- Page 70 and 71:
Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
- Page 72 and 73:
Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
- Page 74 and 75:
to update the CO 2climatology, ther
- Page 76 and 77:
µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
- Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
- Page 80 and 81:
latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
- Page 83 and 84:
Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
- Page 85 and 86:
(Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
- Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
- Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
- Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
- Page 93 and 94:
Several previous studies have shown
- Page 95 and 96:
followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
- Page 97 and 98:
The Philippines were severely affec
- Page 99 and 100:
The historical SIO TC data is proba
- Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
- Page 103 and 104:
degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
- Page 105 and 106:
F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
- Page 107 and 108:
THE forgotten sub-BASIN—THE centr
- Page 109 and 110:
5. THE ARCTIC—J. Richter-Menge, E
- Page 111 and 112:
and North America (south of 55° la
- Page 113 and 114:
Fig. 5.8. 2007-09 Atlantic water la
- Page 115 and 116:
d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
- Page 117 and 118:
e. Land1) Vegetation—D. A. Walker
- Page 119 and 120:
Fig. 5.18. Total annual river disch
- Page 121 and 122:
negative SCD anomalies were evident
- Page 123 and 124:
with records beginning in 1873, the
- Page 125 and 126:
(QuikSCAT, 2000-09) microwave remot
- Page 127 and 128:
6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. Fo
- Page 129 and 130:
(SCAR) report ‘Antarctic Climate
- Page 131 and 132:
these stations in April, August, an
- Page 133 and 134:
e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent a
- Page 135 and 136:
positive ice-season duration anomal
- Page 137 and 138:
7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
- Page 139 and 140:
first half of the year (January-Jun
- Page 141 and 142:
its second wettest such period. Sev
- Page 143 and 144:
California began the year with mode
- Page 145 and 146:
The first drought occurred in March
- Page 147 and 148:
Fig. 7.8. (a) Annual mean temperatu
- Page 149 and 150:
Fig. 7.11. (a) Annual mean temperat
- Page 151 and 152:
EXTREME rainfall and the flood of t
- Page 153 and 154:
Fig. 7.14. Composite for standardiz
- Page 155 and 156:
Fig. 7.17. Daily maximum temperatur
- Page 157 and 158:
(ii) PrecipitationDecember to Febru
- Page 159 and 160:
For Zimbabwe, the rainfall season,
- Page 161 and 162:
Fig. 7.28. Annual mean temperature
- Page 163 and 164:
Fig. 7.31. Seasonal anomalies (1961
- Page 165 and 166:
(1706-2009), and new national recor
- Page 167 and 168: cold in southern and central Finlan
- Page 169 and 170: EXCEPTIONAL storm strikes northern
- Page 171 and 172: 7.32b). April was particularly mild
- Page 173 and 174: to -44 о С) persisted in southern
- Page 175 and 176: Fig. 7.39. Weather conditions in De
- Page 177 and 178: on the 1971-2000 climatology) for a
- Page 179 and 180: excess rainfall, while 11 subdivisi
- Page 181 and 182: 4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
- Page 183 and 184: Wales. The warmth was particularly
- Page 185 and 186: The most significant severe thunder
- Page 187 and 188: mm thick, which fell on parts of No
- Page 189 and 190: and Vanua Levu islands (Fiji) as a
- Page 191 and 192: Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
- Page 193 and 194: 8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
- Page 195 and 196: Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
- Page 197 and 198: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
- Page 199 and 200: CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
- Page 201 and 202: OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea
- Page 203 and 204: Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
- Page 205 and 206: Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
- Page 207 and 208: Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leat
- Page 209 and 210: Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
- Page 211 and 212: Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
- Page 213 and 214: Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
- Page 215 and 216: Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
- Page 217: ——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
- Page 224: Monthly average temperature anomali