STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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Table 5.3. Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance anomalies, after Fettweiset al. (2010).2009 anomalyreferenced toToptal SMB(Gt)Total Snowfall(Gt))an unprecedented low sea ice concentration in NaresStrait during summer 2009, relative to the 1979–2009average. AMSR-E 12.5 km passive microwave sea iceconcentrations were 20% below the 2002–07 baseaverage north of Smith Sound.7) Outlet glaciersDaily surveys of Greenland ice sheet marineterminatingoutlet glaciers from cloud-free ModerateResolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) visibleimagery (http://bprc.osu.edu/MODIS/) indicatethat the 34 widest glaciers collectively lost 101 km 2 ofmarine-terminating ice between the end of summer2008 and the end of summer 2009. Twenty-three ofTotal Runoff(Gt)JJA AirTemperature(°C)1971-2000 -280 -150 110 0.721991-2000 -230 -140 84 0.522001-2009 -85 -100 -37 -0.71thirty-four of the glaciersretreated in 2009 relativeto their end of summer2008 position. The totalnet effective lengthchange of these glacierswas -1.2 km. The largestarea changes included a32 km 2 loss along the 110km wide Humboldt Glacier;a 31 km 2 loss at thecalving front of anothernorth Greenland outlet, the Zachariæ Isstrøm; and15 km 2 ice loss at the Midgard glacier. This markeda continuation of a highly linear (R = -0.99) deglaciationtrend (-104 km 2 yr -1 , Fig. 5.28) of the past 10 summerswhen MODIS data are available. The cumulativearea change from end of summer 2000 to 2009 is -967km 2 , an area loss equivalent to 11 times the area ofManhattan Island.Fig. 5.27. Satellite view of the Nares Strait polynyabetween Arctic Canada and northwest Greenland.Note the wind-driven “sea smoke” cloud streaks,that is, ice fog condensate from the much warmerocean surface.Fig. 5.28. Cumulative annual area changes for 34 ofthe widest Greenland ice sheet marine-terminatingoutlets.S124 | juNE 2010
6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. FogtThe calendar year 2009 was relativelycalm, climatologically speaking, for muchof Antarctica, especially compared to thepast two years which included ice shelfcollapses juxtaposed with record-high seaice extent. However, the total ice sheet meltduring austral summer 2008/09 was thelowest of the 30-yr satellite record with nomelt detected on the Ronne-Filchner andRoss Ice shelves, among other regions. In2009, the polar atmosphere temperatureswere persistently above average in the midto-lowertroposphere during the winter.The latter half of the year was marked withshort-lived anomalies lasting about onemonth. Nonetheless, the tropical El Niñoevent in late 2009 did influence Antarctica,particularly through ridging in the SouthPacific. In turn, this created anomalousmeridional temperature advection patternsthat subsequently led to regional sea iceextent and concentration anomalies anddecreased precipitation to the west of theAntarctic Peninsula.With the close of 2009 also comes the endof the first decade of the 21st Century. AlthoughAntarctic climate records are muchshorter than the rest of the globe, therewere still many interesting and noteworthyoccurrences during this last decade. A fewof these are highlighted in Fig. 6.1, whichshows annual and seasonal averages of thedecadal mean temperature anomalies atFaraday/Vernadsky and Marambio, situatedon the Western and Eastern AntarcticPeninsula, respectively, and the decadalmean Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode(SAM) index anomalies. Notable Antarcticclimate events of the last decade include:• Observations indicate continued rapidwarming of the Antarctic Peninsula.The warming on the western Peninsulais most marked during austral winter (June–August;Fig. 6.1a) while the warming on the easternPeninsula is most marked during austral summer(December–February; Fig. 6.1b). The Peninsulawarming trends are approximately five timeslarger than the global mean warming and arelikely associated with anthropogenic greenhousegas increases (Gillett et al. 2008).Fig. 6.1. Decadal averages of the seasonal and annual meananomalies for (a) temperature at Faraday/Vernadsky, (b) temperatureat Marambio, and (c) SAM index (http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/gjma/sam.html).See Fig. 6.4a for locations ofstations used in 6.1a–b.• Based on a statistical temperature reconstruction,West Antarctica has been warming at a rateof 0.1°C decade -1 over the last 50 years (Steig etal. 2009).• Based on surface observations, interior andcoastal East Antarctica have remained stable duringthe last decade, with no significant warmingor cooling trend (Turner et al. 2005).STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 juNE 2010 |S125
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Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
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Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
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4. THE TROPICS.....................
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ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
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I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
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Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
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S18 | juNE 2010
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Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
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Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
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HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
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Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
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Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
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Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
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Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
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USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
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6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
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Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
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(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
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Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
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the mid-1990s but has since levelle
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with all 42 glaciers observed retre
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of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
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Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
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(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
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strong there, consistent with anoma
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cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
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is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
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egions around the subtropical salin
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Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
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Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
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Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
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to update the CO 2climatology, ther
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Page 83 and 84: Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
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Page 89 and 90: Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
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Page 93 and 94: Several previous studies have shown
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Page 99 and 100: The historical SIO TC data is proba
Page 101 and 102: Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
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Page 115 and 116: d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
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Page 137 and 138: 7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
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on the 1971-2000 climatology) for a
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excess rainfall, while 11 subdivisi
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4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
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Wales. The warmth was particularly
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The most significant severe thunder
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mm thick, which fell on parts of No
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and Vanua Levu islands (Fiji) as a
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Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
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8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
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Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
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CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
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OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea
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Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
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Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
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Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leat
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Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
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Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
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Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
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Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
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——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and
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Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
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Monthly average temperature anomali
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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