STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa wind vector and speed(m s -1 ) and anomalous OLR (shaded, W m -2 ) duringDJF 2008/09 and (b) anomalous 200-hPa wind vectorand speed (m s -1 ) and anomalous OLR (shaded, W m -2 )during DJF 2008/09. Anomalies are departures fromthe 1979–95 period monthly means.Fig 4.3. Equatorial depth-longitude section of oceantemperature anomalies (°C) averaged between 5°Nand 5°S during (a) DJF 2008/09, (b) MAM 2009, (c) JJA2008, and d) SON 2008. The 20°C isotherm (thicksolid line) approximates the center of the oceanicthermocline. The data are derived from an analysissystem that assimilates oceanic observations into anoceanic GCM (Behringer et al. 1998). Anomalies aredepartures from the 1971–2000 period monthly means.This anomaly pattern featured a retraction of themean subtropical ridges in both hemispheres towardthe western Pacific. In the Northern Hemisphere, italso reflected a westward retraction of the East Asianjet stream and below-average jet stream winds eastof the date line. These conditions dissipated duringMAM as La Niña ended.El Niño developed during JJA and produceddiscernible impacts on the upper-level circulation(Fig. 4.5a) in a manner consistent with past episodes(Chelliah and Bell 2004). Prominent features of ElNiño during this period included an anomalous zonalwave-1 pattern of 200-hPa streamfunction anomaliesin the subtropics of both hemispheres. This patternfeatured weak anticyclonic circulation anomalies overthe central Pacific Ocean in both hemispheres andrelatively stronger cyclonic anomalies extending eastwardfrom the Americas to Australasia. AssociatedFig. 4.5. Anomalous 200-hPa streamfunction (shading,x 10 6 m 2 s -1 ) and wind vectors (m s -1 ) during (a) JJA 2009and (b) OND 2009. Anomalous ridges are indicatedby positive values (red) in the NH and negative values(blue) in the SH. Anomalous troughs are indicated bynegative values in the NH and positive values in theSH. Vector scale is to right of color bar. Anomalies aredepartures from the 1971–2000 period monthly means.with this pattern, westerly wind anomalies between30°S and 40°S reflected a strengthening and eastwardextension of the mean wintertime jet stream over theSouth Pacific Ocean. Similar anomaly patterns werealso evident during August–October (ASO), whichled to a suppression of hurricane activity across theAtlantic basin (see section 4d2) and to stronger hurricaneseasons in both the central (see sidebar article)and eastern Pacific (see section 4d3) sub-basins.STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 juNE 2010 |S81
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Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
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Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
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4. THE TROPICS.....................
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ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
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I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
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Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
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S18 | juNE 2010
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Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
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Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
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HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
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Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
Page 34 and 35: Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
Page 36 and 37: Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
Page 38 and 39: USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
Page 40 and 41: 6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
Page 42 and 43: Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
Page 45 and 46: (C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
Page 50 and 51: the mid-1990s but has since levelle
Page 52 and 53: with all 42 glaciers observed retre
Page 54 and 55: of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
Page 56 and 57: Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
Page 58 and 59: (Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
Page 60 and 61: strong there, consistent with anoma
Page 62 and 63: cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
Page 64 and 65: is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
Page 66 and 67: egions around the subtropical salin
Page 68 and 69: Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
Page 70 and 71: Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
Page 72 and 73: Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
Page 74 and 75: to update the CO 2climatology, ther
Page 76 and 77: µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
Page 80 and 81: latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
Page 84 and 85: El Niño impacts on the 200-hPa cir
Page 86 and 87: 4.1) and to large SST increases alo
Page 88 and 89: that only weak ascent prevailed thr
Page 90 and 91: ather than anticyclonic across the
Page 92 and 93: Since 1995, the number of NSs in th
Page 94 and 95: Geophysical and Astronomical Servic
Page 96 and 97: with 11 of those in the bottom quar
Page 98 and 99: Fig 4.24. The average position of t
Page 100 and 101: Early on 30 January, a tropical low
Page 102 and 103: Fig. 4.28. (Left) TCHP, and surface
Page 104 and 105: For 2009 as a whole, the TRMM data
Page 106 and 107: IOD. Following the three unpreceden
Page 108 and 109: eastern IO reflected as a pair of w
Page 110 and 111: pattern with values greater than 2.
Page 112 and 113: circulation in summer. Since 2007,
Page 114 and 115: of the very high heat fluxes from 2
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 5.14. (a) Winter Arctic Ocean
Page 118 and 119: The frequencies of landslides, ther
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 5.19. (a) Snow cover duration
Page 122 and 123: Table 5.1. Summer (June-August) 200
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.2. 2009 Greenland station s
Page 126 and 127: Table 5.3. Greenland ice sheet surf
Page 128 and 129: • Significant ice loss has occurr
Page 130 and 131: South American Pattern (Karoly 1989
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anomalies observed in the Ross Sea
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Fig. 6.7. (a) Hovmöller diagram of
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warmer temperatures lead to weaker
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Fig. 7.2. (a) Annual mean temperatu
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not inconsistent with expectations
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to ravage agricultural (pasture, ra
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tornadoes (rated EF3-EF5) reported
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their climatology or from their 200
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d. South AmericaThe 2009 annual mea
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tobal which damaged public services
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During the austral fall, northeaste
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EXTREME rainfall in NOVEMBER 2009 i
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2) Western Africa—L.N. Njau and W
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Fig. 7.22. Cumulative rainfall for
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Vergenoeg, Molelema, Kokomeng, and
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several floods. More than 100 house
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Fig. 7.33. Seasonal anomalies, with
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SEVERE FLOODING in NORTHWEST ENGLAN
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4) Iberia—R.M. Trigo, D. Barriope
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in Turkey and also in Macedonia, wh
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temperatures in western Kazakhstan,
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monthly temperature anomalies excee
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as 30 m 3 to 200 m 3 , occurred in
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drew in the 3rd pentad of October.
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Table 7.1. Record 24-hr rainfall (m
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normal; however, in the northwest o
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The most significant area of above-
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• Highest one-day rainfall: 510 m
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Table 7.3. Average temperature anom
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the Southwest Pacific had contracte
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in April, triggered Kelvin waves wh
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Fig. 8.3. Mar-May 2009 (top) surfac
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Fig. 8.7. Sep-Nov 2009 (top) surfac
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• NOAA Hurricane classification a
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hPaICPACIGYINPEINSTAARIOIODIODEIPCC
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TSPTWTYUAHUSDUSGSVasClimOVOCALSWBCW
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Bhatt, U. S., M. A. Alexander, C. D
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Dhomse, S., M. Weber, J. P. Burrows
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Hajj, G. A., and Coauthors, 2004: C
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Kanzow, T., and Coauthors, 2007: Ob
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Lohmann, K., H. Drange, and M. Bent
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Ohring, G., Ed., 2007: Achieving Sa
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——, T. Agnew, H. Melling, and A
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Timokhov, L., and F. Tanis, Eds., 1
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Wunsch, C., 2008: Mass and volume t
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

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