STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

More documents

Recommendations

Info

——, T. Agnew, H. Melling, and A. Munchow, 2006:Evidence for atmospheric control of sea-ice motionthrough Nares Strait. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02506,doi:10.1029/2005GL025016.Santer, B. D., and Coauthors, 2006: Forced and unforcedocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacifictropical cyclogenesis regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 103, 13 905–13 910.——, and Coauthors, 2007: Identification of humaninducedchanges in atmospheric moisture content.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15 248–15 253.Scambos, T., H. Fricker, C.-C. Liu, J. Bohlander, J. Fastook,A. Sargent, R. Massom, and A.-M. Wu, 2009:Ice shelf disintegration by plate bending and hydrofracture:Satellite observations and model results ofthe 2008 Wilkins ice shelf break-ups. Earth Planet.Sci. Lett., 280, 51–60.Schneider, U., T. Fuchs, A. Meyer-Christoffer, and B.Rudolf, 2008: Global precipitation analysis productsof the GPCC. Deutscher Wetterdienst, 12 pp. [Availableonline at http://gpcc.dwd.de.]Schott, F. A., L. Stramma, B. S. Giese, and R. Zantopp,2009: Labrador Sea convection and subpolar NorthAtlantic deep water export in the SODA assimilationmodel. Deep-Sea Res. I, 56, 926–938.Schultz, M. G., 2002: On the use of ATSR fire count datato estimate the seasonal and interannual variabilityof vegetation fire emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2,387–395.Seidel, D. J., and J. R. Lanzante, 2004: An assessment ofthree alternatives to linear trends for characterizingglobal atmospheric temperature changes. J. Geophys.Res., 109, D14108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004414.Shapiro, L. J., 1989: The relationship of the quasi-biennialoscillation to Atlantic tropical storm activity.Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1545–1552.——, and S. B. Goldenberg, 1998: Atlantic sea surfacetemperatures and tropical cyclone formation. J. Climate,11, 578–590.Shay, L. K., G. J. Goni, and P. G. Black, 2000: Effects of awarm oceanic feature on Hurricane Opal. Mon. Wea.Rev., 128, 1366–1383.Sherwood, S. C., C. L. Meyer, R. J. Allen, and H. A. Titchner,2008: Robust tropospheric warming revealed byiteratively homogenized radiosonde data. J. Climate,21, 5336–5352.Shiklomanov, A. I., and R. B. Lammers, 2009: RecordRussian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis.Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045015, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045015.——, ——, and C. J. Vörösmarty, 2002: Widespreaddecline in hydrological monitoring threatens pan-Arctic research. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys.Union,83, 16–17——, T. I. Yakovleva , R. B. Lammers, I. Ph. Karasev, C.J. Vörösmarty, and E. Linder, 2006: Cold region riverdischarge uncertainty - estimates from large Russianrivers. J. Hydrol., 326, 231–256.Shiklomanov, I. A., and A. I. Shiklomanov, 2003: Climaticchange and dynamics of river discharge intothe Arctic Ocean. Water Resources, 30, 593–601.Shindell, D. T., and G. A. Schmidt, 2004: SouthernHemisphere climate response to ozone changes andgreenhouse gas increases. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,L18209, doi:10.1029/2004GL020724.Siegel, D. A., S. Maritorena, N. B. Nelson, and M. J. Behrenfeld,2005: Independence and interdependencesamong global ocean color properties: Reassessing thebio-optical assumption. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C07011,doi:10.1029/2004JC002527.Simmons, A. J., and Coauthors, 2004: Comparisonof trends and low-frequency variability in CRU,ERA-40, and NCEP/NCAR analyses of surfaceair temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24115,doi:10.1029/2004JD005306.——, K. M. Willett, P. D. Jones, P. W. Thorne, and D. P.Dee, 2010: Low-frequency variations in surface atmospherichumidity, temperature, and precipitation:Inferences from reanalyses and monthly griddedobservational data sets. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D01110,doi:10.1029/2009JD012442.Singh, O. P., T. M. Ali Khan, and S. Rahman, 2000:Changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones overthe North Indian Ocean. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75,11–20.Smith, D. M., S. Cusack, A. W. Colman, C. K. Folland, G.R. Harris, and J. M. Murphy, 2007: Improved surfacetemperature prediction for the coming decade froma global climate model. Science, 317, 796–799.Smith, S. L., M. M. Burgess, D. Riseborough, and F. M.Nixon, 2005: Recent trends from Canadian permafrostthermal monitoring network sites. PermafrostPeriglacial Processes, 16, 19–30.Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds, 1998: A high-resolutionglobal sea surface temperature climatology forthe 1961-90 base period. J. Climate, 11, 3320–3323.——, and ——, 2005: A global merged land-air-sea surfacetemperature reconstruction based on historicalobservations (1880-1997). J. Climate, 18, 2021–2036.S214 | juNE 2010
——, ——, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvementsto NOAA’s historical merged land-oceansurface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate,21, 2283–2296.Sobel, A. H., and S. J. Camargo, 2005: Influence of westernNorth Pacific tropical cyclones on their largescaleenvironment. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3396–3407.Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis,K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, Eds., 2007:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.Cambridge University Press, 996 pp.Speer, K. G., 1997: A note on average cross-isopycnalmixing in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.I, 44, 1981–1990.Stackhouse, P.W., Jr., D. P. Kratz, G. R. McGarragh, S.K. Gupta, and E. B. Geier, 2006: Fast Longwave andShortwave Radiative Flux (FLASHFlux) productsfrom CERES and MODIS measurements. Proc. 12thConf. Atmospheric Radiation, Madison, WI, Amer.Meteor. Soc., P1.10. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/113479.pdf.]Stammerjohn, S. E., D. G. Martinson, R. C. Smith, X.Yuan, and D. Rind, 2008: Trends in Antarctic annualsea ice retreat and advance and their relation to ElNiño–Southern Oscillation and Southern AnnularMode variability. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03S90,doi:10.1029/2007JC004269.Steig, E., D. P. Schneider, S. D. Rutherford, M. E. Mann,J. C. Comiso, and D. T. Shindell, 2009: Warmingof the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957International Geophysical Year. Nature, 457,459–462.Steinbrecht, W., and Coauthors, 2009: Ozone andtemperature trends in the upper stratosphere at fivestations of the network for the detection of atmosphericcomposition change. Int. J. Remote Sens.,30, 3875–3886.Stolarski, R. S., and S. Frith, 2006: Search for evidence oftrend slow-down in the long-term TOMS/SBUV totalozone data record: The importance of instrumentdrift uncertainty and fingerprint detection. Atmos.Chem. Phys., 6, 4057–4065.Street-Perrott, F. A., M. A. J. Guzkowska, I. M. Mason,and C. G. Rapley, 1986: Response of lake levels toclimatic change - Past, present, and future. Effects ofChanges in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate,Vol.3, Climate Change, U.N. Environ. Programme,Nairobi, Kenya, 1986.Sweet, W., C. Zervas, and S. Gill, 2009: Elevated eastcoast sea levels anomaly: June-July 2009. NOAATechnical Report NOS CO-OPS 051, 30 pp.Szesztay, K., 1974: Water balance and water level fluctuationsof lakes. Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 19, 73–84.Takahashi, T., and Coauthors, 2009a: Climatologicalmean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO 2, andnet sea-air CO 2flux over the global oceans. Deep-SeaRes. II, 56, 554–577.——, S. C. Sutherland, and A. Kozyr, 2009b: Globalocean surface water partial pressure of CO 2database:Measurements performed during 1968-2008(Version 2008). ORNL/CDIAC-152, NDP-088r,Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, OakRidge, TN, digital media. [Available online at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/LDEO_Database/ ordoi:10.3334/CDIAC/otg.ndp088r]Talley, L. D., 2008. Freshwater transport estimates andthe global overturning circulation: Shallow, deepand throughflow components. Progr. Oceanogr., 78,257–303.Tanhua, T., E. P. Jones, E. Jeansson, S. Jutterström, W.M. Smethie Jr., D. W. R. Wallace, and L. G. Anderson,2009: Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean: Mean ages andinventories of anthropogenic CO 2and CFC-11. J. Geophys.Res., 114, C01002, doi:10.1029/2008JC004868.Tedesco, M., and A. J. Monaghan, 2009: An updatedAntarctic melt record through 2009 andits linkages to high-latitude and tropical climatevariability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18502,doi:10.1029/2009GL039186.——, X. Fettweis, M. van den Broeke, R. van de Wal,and P. Smeets, 2008: Extreme snowmelt in northernGreenland during summer 2008. Eos, Trans. Amer.Geophys. Union, 89, 391.Thomas, H., A. E. Friederike Prowe, I. D. Lima, S. C.Doney, R. Wanninkhof, R. J. Greatbatch, U. Schuster,and A. Corbière, 2008: Changes in the North AtlanticOscillation influence CO 2uptake in the North Atlanticover the past 2 decades. Global Biogeochem. Cycles,22, GB4027, doi:10.1029/2007GB003167Thompson, D. W., and S. Solomon, 2002: Interpretationof recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science,296, 895–899.Thoning, K. W., P. P. Tans, and W. D. Komhyr, 1989:Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory2: Analysis of NOAA GMCC data, 1974-1985. J.Geophys. Res., 94 (D6), 8549–8565.Thorne, P. W., and Coauthors, 2005: Rev isitingradiosonde upper-air temperatures from1958 to 2002. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18105,doi:10.1029/2004JD005753.AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY juNE 2010 |S215
Page 8 and 9:
Luo, Jing-Jia, Research Institute f
Page 10 and 11:
Tedesco, Marco, Department Earth an
Page 12 and 13:
4. THE TROPICS.....................
Page 14 and 15:
ABSTRACT—M. O. Baringer, D. S. Ar
Page 16 and 17:
I. INTRODUCTION—M. O. Baringer an
Page 18 and 19:
Table 1.1 The GCOS Essential Climat
Page 20 and 21:
S18 | juNE 2010
Page 22 and 23:
Stratospheric TemperatureCloudiness
Page 25:
Source Datasets Sectionhttp://www.p
Page 28 and 29:
HOW do WE KNOW THE WORLD HAS WARMED
Page 30 and 31:
Fig. 2.6. As for Fig. 2.1 but for l
Page 32 and 33:
Fig. 2.10. Change in TCWV from 2008
Page 34 and 35:
Precipitation anomalies in 2009, ov
Page 36 and 37:
Fig. 2.18. Seasonal SCE anomalies (
Page 38 and 39:
USING SI-TRACABLE GLOBAL POSITIONIN
Page 40 and 41:
6) Lake levels—C. BirkettLake vol
Page 42 and 43:
Fig. 2.30. (a) The daily AO index f
Page 45 and 46:
(C) Carbon monoxide (CO)There has b
Page 47 and 48:
Table 2.5. Mixing ratios, radiative
Page 50 and 51:
the mid-1990s but has since levelle
Page 52 and 53:
with all 42 glaciers observed retre
Page 54 and 55:
of 0.1° and 5 days (Kaiser et al.
Page 56 and 57:
Fig. 3.1. (a) Yearly mean SSTAs in
Page 58 and 59:
(Fig. 3.3c). It is interesting that
Page 60 and 61:
strong there, consistent with anoma
Page 62 and 63:
cont'RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERST
Page 64 and 65:
is to cause SST to rise if oceanic
Page 66 and 67:
egions around the subtropical salin
Page 68 and 69:
Fig 3.17. Principal empirical ortho
Page 70 and 71:
Fig. 3.19. Daily estimates of the s
Page 72 and 73:
Fig. 3.22. (top) The 2009 SSH anoma
Page 74 and 75:
to update the CO 2climatology, ther
Page 76 and 77:
µmol kg -1 or about half of the ac
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 3.31. (a) Average MODIS-Aqua C
Page 80 and 81:
latitudes, chlorophyll and thermal
Page 83 and 84:
Fig. 4.4. (a) Anomalous 850-hPa win
Page 85 and 86:
(Fig. 4.6). These include four MJO
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 4.8. NOAA’s ACE index expres
Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 4.14. ASO 2009: Anomalous 200-
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 4.17. The tracks of all TCs th
Page 93 and 94:
Several previous studies have shown
Page 95 and 96:
followed by TY Linfa and TS Nangka
Page 97 and 98:
The Philippines were severely affec
Page 99 and 100:
The historical SIO TC data is proba
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 4.26. Global anomalies of TCHP
Page 103 and 104:
degree resolution NASA TRMM rainfal
Page 105 and 106:
F i g. 4.32 . TRMM (a) mean and (b)
Page 107 and 108:
THE forgotten sub-BASIN—THE centr
Page 109 and 110:
5. THE ARCTIC—J. Richter-Menge, E
Page 111 and 112:
and North America (south of 55° la
Page 113 and 114:
Fig. 5.8. 2007-09 Atlantic water la
Page 115 and 116:
d. Sea ice cover—D. Perovich, R.
Page 117 and 118:
e. Land1) Vegetation—D. A. Walker
Page 119 and 120:
Fig. 5.18. Total annual river disch
Page 121 and 122:
negative SCD anomalies were evident
Page 123 and 124:
with records beginning in 1873, the
Page 125 and 126:
(QuikSCAT, 2000-09) microwave remot
Page 127 and 128:
6. ANTARCTICAa. Overview—R. L. Fo
Page 129 and 130:
(SCAR) report ‘Antarctic Climate
Page 131 and 132:
these stations in April, August, an
Page 133 and 134:
e. 2008-2009 Seasonal melt extent a
Page 135 and 136:
positive ice-season duration anomal
Page 137 and 138:
7. REGIONAL CLIMATESa. Introduction
Page 139 and 140:
first half of the year (January-Jun
Page 141 and 142:
its second wettest such period. Sev
Page 143 and 144:
California began the year with mode
Page 145 and 146:
The first drought occurred in March
Page 147 and 148:
Fig. 7.8. (a) Annual mean temperatu
Page 149 and 150:
Fig. 7.11. (a) Annual mean temperat
Page 151 and 152:
EXTREME rainfall and the flood of t
Page 153 and 154:
Fig. 7.14. Composite for standardiz
Page 155 and 156:
Fig. 7.17. Daily maximum temperatur
Page 157 and 158:
(ii) PrecipitationDecember to Febru
Page 159 and 160:
For Zimbabwe, the rainfall season,
Page 161 and 162:
Fig. 7.28. Annual mean temperature
Page 163 and 164:
Fig. 7.31. Seasonal anomalies (1961
Page 165 and 166: (1706-2009), and new national recor
Page 167 and 168: cold in southern and central Finlan
Page 169 and 170: EXCEPTIONAL storm strikes northern
Page 171 and 172: 7.32b). April was particularly mild
Page 173 and 174: to -44 о С) persisted in southern
Page 175 and 176: Fig. 7.39. Weather conditions in De
Page 177 and 178: on the 1971-2000 climatology) for a
Page 179 and 180: excess rainfall, while 11 subdivisi
Page 181 and 182: 4) Southwest Asia(i) Iraq—M. Roge
Page 183 and 184: Wales. The warmth was particularly
Page 185 and 186: The most significant severe thunder
Page 187 and 188: mm thick, which fell on parts of No
Page 189 and 190: and Vanua Levu islands (Fiji) as a
Page 191 and 192: Table 7.5. Maximum temperature anom
Page 193 and 194: 8. SEASONAL SUMMARIES—Mike Halper
Page 195 and 196: Fig. 8.5. Jun-Aug 2009 (top) surfac
Page 197 and 198: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn addition to the m
Page 199 and 200: CFCCFC-11CFC-12CH 4Chl satCIIFENClC
Page 201 and 202: OAFlux Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea
Page 203 and 204: Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao,
Page 205 and 206: Cangialosi, J. P., and L. A. Avila,
Page 207 and 208: Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leat
Page 209 and 210: Hudson, J. M. G., and G. H. R. Henr
Page 211 and 212: Landsea, C. W., and W. M. Gray, 199
Page 213 and 214: Meinen, C. S., M. O. Baringer, and
Page 215: Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, W
Page 219 and 220: Wang, L., C. Derksen, and R. Brown,
Page 224: Monthly average temperature anomali
show all

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?