Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities - Climate ...

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Adaptation and Mitigation 109Figure 5-1 Framework for making restorationprojects in the Great Lakes climate smart.Source: Glick et al., 2011.which ensures long-term ecological benefits such as the ecological viability of the marsh.The third concomitant benefit to ecosystem services realized by the salt marsh restorationis the societal benefit of living-shoreline protection provided to upland propertiesby existence of the marsh.Actionable CLIMATE Science. With the growing awareness of the need for adaptation,coastal resource managers are searching for immediate guidance on how to considerthe implications of climate change, including sea-level rise, temperature increase,and precipitation change, on key resource management issues. Although many haveassumed that progressively higher resolution climate models will solve this problem,information at the community, local, or site level is a long-term goal and ideal climateinformation will likely not be available in the near future (Kerr, 2011). Another gap isan understanding of how to make management decisions given the science we do have.5.3 Tools and ResourcesOne of the recommendations from the 2009 NCA (pg. 154) was to “Expand capacity toprovide decision makers and the public with relevant information on climate changeand its impacts.” Improved tools and trainings are essential to acting on this recommendation,supporting process standardization, replicability, simplification, and streamlining,and enhancing stakeholder engagement.In the context of climate change impacts and adaptation, the term “tools” has beenused to describe climate data, models, and sensitivity analysis to molecular markers andassays, GIS methods, step-by-step decision-making frameworks, regulatory and policymechanisms, and more. Here, we do not attempt to catalogue or capture the breadth of
110 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilitiesclimate-related decision support tools that exist and have not addressed more complexgeneral circulation models that project different climate scenarios. Instead, we focus onpolicy tools and what might broadly be considered assessment and decision supporttools and attempt to categorize different types of tools, illustrate trends in their utilityand application and identify resources for helping to select appropriate tools.Assessment and Implementation ToolsA decade ago, the absence of applicable tools was a major impediment to climate-relatedefforts by coastal planners and managers; today, the issue is often a lack of familiaritywith available tools or the availability of an overwhelming number of tools. A growingnumber of efforts seek to catalog, classify, and organize tools relevant to climate assessmentand adaptation (Center for Ocean Solutions, 2011; EBM Tools Network; Hagemannet al., 2011; IPCC WG2, 2007). Below, we highlight four categories of tools gearedtowards planning and implementation or towards assessment and analysis 9 .1. Planning and Implementation: These tools help planners, decision makers, andcitizen groups step through a planning process that incorporates the informationneeded to assess climate risks to assets of local or regional importance while engaginga range of audiences.• Process Management such as guidance instruments (see Section 5.1). Examples:ICLEI ADAPT, NOAA CSC Roadmap for Adapting to Coastal Risk• Communication and Engagement. Examples: CanViz,NOAA Coastal CountySnapshots, The Nature Conservancy’s Coastal Resilience Tool for New York/Connecticut2. Assessment and Analysis: These tools help planners and natural resource managersto investigate how current and future conditions for the built and natural environmentmay be affected by climate change.• Mapping and Visualization. Examples: NOAA Sea-level rise and CoastalFlooding Impacts Viewer; The Nature Conservancy’s Coastal Resilience Tool forthe Gulf of Mexico• Data Access/Management/Analysis. Examples: Pacific Northwest ClimateSensitivity Database, Northeast Climate Data tool, USGS Coastal Vulnerabilityto Sea-level Rise Project• Projection, Simulation, and Modeling. Examples: Sea Level Affecting MarshesModel, Climate Wizard• Vulnerability Assessment. Examples: NatureServe Climate Change VulnerabilityIndex, USFS System for Assessing Vulnerability of Species (reviewed inBeardmore & Whitmore, 2011; Rowland et al., 2011)• Scenario Development/Option Evaluation. Examples: MARXAN Software,COAST9 Inclusion of a specific tool as an example does not necessarily indicate endorsement.
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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© 2012 The National Oceanic and At
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Coastal Impacts, Adaptation,and Vul
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Chapter 3Lead Author: Carlton H. He
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ContentsKey TermsAcronymsCommunicat
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4.4 Human Health Impacts and Implic
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Key TermsxixExposure 3 - The nature
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AcronymsxxiNAO - North Atlantic Osc
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Executive Summaryxxvffffffffffffffo
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Executive Summaryxxviiweakened by v
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Executive SummaryxxixAdaptation and
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Introduction and Context 3irrigatio
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Introduction and Context 9coastal w
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Physical Climate Forces 11fffffffff
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Physical Climate Forces 13Figure 2-
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Physical Climate Forces 15Sea-level
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Physical Climate Forces 17maintain
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Physical Climate Forces 19These low
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Physical Climate Forces 21Figure 2-
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Physical Climate Forces 23that surv
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Physical Climate Forces 25Table 2-2
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Physical Climate Forces 27Most of t
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Physical Climate Forces 29(low to m
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Physical Climate Forces 31A number
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Physical Climate Forces 33off the c
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Physical Climate Forces 35in these
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Physical Climate Forces 37this diff
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Physical Climate Forces 39in input
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Physical Climate Forces 41Intensifi
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