Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities - Climate ...

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Chesapeake Bay Case Study 135Pennsylvania, and Virginia related to water quality and/or aquatic ecosystems. Eachstate’s plan is briefly discussed, including a summary of when and how the plan wasdeveloped; the impacts and vulnerabilities the plan addresses; and examples of howselected municipalities within these states are moving towards implementation of adaptationstrategies related to water quality and aquatic ecosystems through actions thatwill contribute to climate change adaptation. These plans have been developed withinthe last year or several years, which may partially explain why implementation to dateof the strategies recommended within them has been fairly limited or not yet embarkedon at all. Many of the strategies are also quite broad and encompass activities that arealready underway to achieve water quality and aquatic-ecosystem management goals.These activities will only become more important in the face of climate change and mayneed to be reevaluated to address changing conditions.Table A-3 below provides an overview of the climate change impacts and vulnerabilitiesidentified across each of these plans as well as the types of adaptation strategiesconsidered to address water quality and aquatic ecosystem concerns.Table A-3: Coverage of water quality and aquatic ecosystem concerns in climatechangeadaptation plans for Maryland (MD), Pennsylvania (PA), and Virginia (VA)StateClimate Change Impacts and VulnerabilitiesCategories of Water Quality andAquatic Ecosystem AdaptationsDroughtFloodingChanges to Stream FlowIncreased Stream / River TemperaturesAging InfrastructureImpervious Surfaces (increased pollutants)Extreme Storms (wetter winters)Sea-level riseExtreme Heat EventsLand Use and InfrastructureStormwater ControlHabitat RestorationIncorporate climate change into planningMonitor / AuditEducate / Inform PublicMD x x x x x x x x x x x xPA x x x x x x x x x x x xVA x x x x x x x
136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities4.1 MarylandApproach. The Comprehensive Strategy for Reducing Maryland’s Vulnerability to ClimateChange Phase II (referred to as the Phase II Adaptation Strategy hereinafter) predicts thatclimate change is going to exacerbate existing stressors on aquatic ecosystems and waterresources. Consequently, many of the priority recommendations, particularly those thatwill affect water quality and aquatic ecosystems, focus on reducing stressors, increasingresiliency, and updating aging infrastructure.To enhance resilience in aquatic ecosystems, the Phase II Adaptation Strategy recommendsprotecting a larger portfolio of habitats, employing stormwater best managementpractices (BMPs), strengthening land-use regulations, enforcing pollution standards,and incorporating climate change into the process of developing restoration priorities.Additionally, to provide a sufficient and high quality water supply, the plan suggeststhat local governments can adopt ordinances to protect water recharge areas.Box A-1MarylandComprehensive Strategy for Reducing Maryland’s Vulnerability toClimate Change, Phase II: Building societal, economic, and ecologicalresiliencePublication Date: January 2011Authors: Maryland Commission on Climate Change Adaptation and Response andScientific Technical Working GroupsSections:• Agriculture• Bay and aquatic ecosystems*• Forest and terrestrial ecosystems• Human health• Population growth and infrastructure*• Water resources** Sections of most relevance to this case studyImpacts and VULNERABILITIES. The Phase II Adaptation Strategy focuses specificallyon the potential impacts of changes in precipitation and temperature. The planprojects that these two changes could interact with elements of the built environment,including infrastructure, urbanized areas, and impervious surfaces, to exacerbate conditionsthat already threaten water quality and aquatic ecosystems. The plan includes
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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© 2012 The National Oceanic and At
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Coastal Impacts, Adaptation,and Vul
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Chapter 3Lead Author: Carlton H. He
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ContentsKey TermsAcronymsCommunicat
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4.4 Human Health Impacts and Implic
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Key TermsxixExposure 3 - The nature
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Executive SummaryxxixAdaptation and
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Physical Climate Forces 13Figure 2-
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Physical Climate Forces 15Sea-level
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