Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities - Climate ...

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Executive SummaryxxixAdaptation and MitigationAdaptation is emerging as an essential strategy for managing climate risk, and a broadrange of adaptation initiatives are being pursued across a range of geopolitical scales.This interest in adaptation has emerged from: increased awareness that climate impactsare already occurring and unavoidable; growing availability of knowledge, data, andtools for the assessment of climate risk; and the interest of government agencies, businesses,and communities in increasing their resilience to current climate variability andfuture climate change.Adaptation planning activities are increasing, and tools and resources are now moreavailable and accessible. Frequently, plans are being developed at varied spatial scalesbased upon the on-the-ground needs and adaptation drivers in the particular area;therefore, they are not easily integrated or comparable across geographic, sectoral, orpolitical boundaries. Adaptation strategies are often developed separately from otherexisting planning efforts rather than being effectively and efficiently integrated into existingcoastal management and policy regimes. More efficiency can be achieved throughintegration into overall land use planning and ocean and coastal management policiesand practices.Although progress is being made in anticipatory adaptation planning, the implementationof adaptation plans has proceeded more slowly due to a variety of barriers. Someimplementation is occurring via changes in regulations and policy and decisions intransportation, infrastructure, land use, and development; however, challenges remainin translating adaptation planning efforts into increased resilience. Although many adaptationactions for coastal areas can be categorized as ‘no regrets’ actions that can beimplemented under a range of climate scenarios and pose few opportunity costs, moresubstantive actions may have larger financial, policy, or legal hurdles. Overlapping andsometimes conflicting laws, often designed without consideration of a changing climate,can prevent the adoption of adaptive measures.Key FindingsffffffAlthough adaptation planning activities in the coastal zone are increasing, theygenerally occur in an adhoc manner and at varied spatial scales dictated byon-the-ground needs and adaptation drivers in the particular area. Efficiency ofadaptation can be improved through integration into overall land use planningand ocean and coastal management. High Confidence.In some cases, adaptation is being directly integrated, or mainstreamed, intoexisting decision-making frameworks regarding zoning and floodplain, coastal,and emergency management, but these frameworks are not always perfect fit andsometimes existing laws pose a barrier to implementation. Very High Confidence.Tools and resources to support adaptation planning are increasing but technicaland data gaps persist. As adaptation planning has evolved, recognitionhas grown regarding the need for detailed information that is compatible withorganizational decision-making processes and management systems. Very HighConfidence.
xxxCoastal Impacts, Adaptation, and VulnerabilitiesffffffAlthough adaptation planning has an increasingly rich portfolio of case studiesthat contribute to shared learning, the implementation of adaptation plans hasproceeded at a much slower pace. Very High Confidence.Elements commonly found in adaptation plans include vulnerability assessments,monitoring and indicators, capacity building, education and outreach,regulatory and programmatic changes, implementation strategies, and a sectorby-sectorapproach. Very High Confidence.Although state and federal governments play a major role in facilitating adaptationplanning, most coastal adaptation will be implemented at the local level.Local governments are the primary actors charged with making the critical,basic land-use and public investment decisions and with working with communitystakeholder groups to implement adaptive measures on the ground. VeryHigh Confidence.Climate change is altering all types of ecosystems and impacting human welfare andhealth, but effects are highly varied, pronounced along coasts, and likely to acceleratein decades ahead. A lack of understanding of the cumulative effects of climate and nonclimatestressors as well as the interactions between human and natural systems currentlylimits our ability to predict the extent of climate impacts. An integrated scientificprogram that seeks to learn from the historic and recent geologic past, and monitorsongoing physical, environmental, and societal changes will improve the level of knowledgeand reduce the uncertainty about potential responses of coasts to sea-level rise andother drivers of coastal change. This, in turn, will improve the ability of communities toassess their vulnerability and to identify and implement adaptation options that addressthe impacts and associated uncertainties of the projections.
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ReferencesAbuodha, P. & Woodroffe,
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Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vu
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