Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities - Climate ...

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Chesapeake Bay Case Study 139Moving TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION: PHILADELPHIA USES STORMWATERFEE to INCENTIVIZE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE. The Philadelphia Water Department(PWD) introduced the Green City, Clean Waters, a 25-year plan to manage stormwaterwith green infrastructure, with the goal to make the city sustainable and resilientto anticipated changes, including climate change. PWD is promoting green stormwaterinfrastructure as a method of maximizing economic, social, and environmental benefitsfor the city while managing flooding and pollution and improving the water quality andaquatic ecosystems. PWD provides residents and businesses with information about incorporatinggreen stormwater infrastructure into private developments. PWD is alsoimplementing BMPs on public property such as roads, schools, alleys, and parking lots.Additionally, in 2009, PWD began to phase in a stormwater utility fee for non-residentialproperties. Fees are based on the estimated amount of runoff, which provides a financialincentive for land-owners to incorporate green practices into development.4.3 VirginiaApproach. The Virginia Governor’s Commission on Climate Change released A ClimateChange Action Plan in December 2008. The report focuses largely on reducing thestate’s greenhouse gas emissions and provides groundwork for the state to begin monitoringand reporting greenhouse gas emissions and observed climate change impacts. Italso includes a section that outlines the need to address likely climate change impacts aswell as possible high-level approaches for doing so.A Climate Change Action PlanBox A-3VirginiaPublication Date: December 2008Authors: Governor’s Commission on Climate ChangeSections:• Recommendations that affect GHG emissions• GHG reductions and cost effectiveness• Recommendations to plan for and adapt to climate change** Sections of most relevance to this case studyImpacts and VULNERABILITIES. The plan discusses some of the major impacts ofconcern by focusing on sea-level rise and temperature increases with some references tochanges in the precipitation regime. It also notes the anticipated impacts of sea-level rise
140 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilitieson the Bay region. It identifies several foundation species at risk of declining or disappearingif salinity and temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns continue tofluctuate widely. The report also notes that increasing temperatures and storm runoffwould decrease oxygen levels and negatively impact aquatic species. Saltwater intrusioncaused by sea-level rise would also have a negative effect on Virginia’s coastal wetlands.Adaptation RECOMMENDATIONS. The adaptation portion of A Climate ChangeAction Plan primarily focuses on disseminating information on climate change adaptationand preparedness while also providing some suggestions to address climate changein the future. The proposed preparedness strategies range from seeking recommendationsthat complement existing goals to collaboration with neighboring states and otherpublic and private sector partners. A Climate Change Action Plan also offers a series ofrecommendations for how local governments can incorporate climate change into theirplanning efforts. The plan recommends that all state discretionary funding programsshould require that infrastructure projects be designed to withstand climate changesover the course of the project.Four recommendations that could address water quality and aquatic ecosystems inthe Bay are of note:• Adaptation policies and programs for the built environment should take intoconsideration impacts on natural systems;• The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) shouldmonitor available forecasting tools and amend its stormwater regulation asneeded to ensure the implementation of stormwater management measuresthat will continue to function effectively in an altered precipitation regime;• DCR should assess the consequences of climate change on the effectiveness ofnon-point source urban and agriculture best management practices; and• The General Assembly should require local governments whose jurisdictionsencompass Virginia’s shoreline to develop integrated shoreline managementplans in coordination with Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC).Such planning efforts would integrate adaptation and response strategies forcoastal erosion, sea-level rise adaptation, and coastal storm surge into existingstate and local policies.Moving TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION: VIRGINIA BEACH INCORPORATESCLIMATE CHANGE into the COMPREHENSIVE PLAN. The City of VirginiaBeach’s 2009 Comprehensive Plan includes climate change as a hazard that the Cityshould anticipate and calls for the continuation of practices that will contribute to climatechange adaptation. This plan recommends actions to protect and manage water resources.Water quality is to be maintained through: 1) the continuation of watershed restorationprojects with partner agencies; 2) the achievement of the goals of the SouthernWatersheds Area Management Program; 3) the development of a Watershed ManagementPlan; and 3) the management of stormwater. These practices will help ensure waterquality for the benefits of habitat support, drinking, and water recreation. The City’sPlan also provides recommendations for adaptation to sea-level rise and storm surges.
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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© 2012 The National Oceanic and At
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Coastal Impacts, Adaptation,and Vul
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Chapter 3Lead Author: Carlton H. He
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ContentsKey TermsAcronymsCommunicat
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4.4 Human Health Impacts and Implic
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Key TermsxixExposure 3 - The nature
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AcronymsxxiNAO - North Atlantic Osc
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Executive Summaryxxvffffffffffffffo
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Executive Summaryxxviiweakened by v
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Executive SummaryxxixAdaptation and
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Introduction and Context 3irrigatio
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Introduction and Context 9coastal w
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Physical Climate Forces 11fffffffff
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Physical Climate Forces 13Figure 2-
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Physical Climate Forces 15Sea-level
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Physical Climate Forces 17maintain
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Physical Climate Forces 19These low
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Physical Climate Forces 21Figure 2-
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Physical Climate Forces 23that surv
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Physical Climate Forces 25Table 2-2
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Physical Climate Forces 29(low to m
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Physical Climate Forces 31A number
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Physical Climate Forces 33off the c
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Physical Climate Forces 35in these
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Physical Climate Forces 41Intensifi
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Vulnerability and Impacts on Human
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