References 149Cela, M., Hulsey, J., & Titus, J.G. (2010). South Florida. In The Likelihood of Shore Protection alongthe Atlantic Coast of the United States. Volume 2. Report by the South Florida Regional PlanningCouncil to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. pp. 515-585Center for Ocean Solutions. (2011). Decision Guide: Selecting Decision Support Tools for MarineSpatial Planning. The Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, California.Environmental Modelling Software. 26(5), pp.593-604.Chen, J.L., Wilson, C.R., & Tapley, B.D. (2011). Interannual variability of Greenl<strong>and</strong>ice losses from satellite gravimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116:B07406doi:10.1029/2010JB007789.Christensen, F.T. (1994). Ice Ride-up <strong>and</strong> Pile-up on Shores <strong>and</strong> <strong>Coastal</strong> Structures. Journal of<strong>Coastal</strong> Research, 10(3), pp. 681-701.Chu-Agor, M.L., Muñoz-Carpena, R., Kiker, G., Emanuelsson, A., & Linkov I. (2011) Exploringsea level rise vulnerability of coastal habitats through global sensitivity <strong>and</strong> uncertaintyanalysis. Environmental Modelling Software. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.Church, J.A. & White, N.J. ( 2011). Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st Century.Surveys in Geophysics, doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1.Church, J.A. & White, N.J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise, GeophysicalResearch Letters, 33, L01602, doi:10.1029/2005GL024826.Church, J.A., White, N. J., Konikow, L. F., Domingues, C. M., Cogley, J. G., Rignot, E., et al.(2011). Revisiting the Earth’s sea‐level <strong>and</strong> energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. GeophysicalResearch Letters, 38, L18601.Church, J.A., Woodworth, P.L., Aarup, T., & Wilson W.S. (Eds.). (2010). Sea-level rise <strong>and</strong> variability,Wiley-Blackwell, 428 pp.Claessens, L., Schoorl, J.M., Verburg, P.H., et al. (2009). Modelling interactions <strong>and</strong> feedbackmechanisms between l<strong>and</strong> use change <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scape processes. Agriculture, Ecosystems <strong>and</strong>Environment, 129, pp. 157-170.Clark, W., Kassakian, J., & Titus, J.G. (2010). North Carolina. In The Likelihood of Shore Protectionalong the Atlantic Coast of the United States, Volume 1. . Report by North Carolina Seagrant tothe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. pp. 889-1032.Cloern, J.E. (1987). Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass <strong>and</strong> productivity in estuaries.Continental Shelf Research, 7, pp. 1367-1381.Cloern, J.E., Jassby, A.D., Thompson, J.K., &. Hieb, K.A. (2007). A cold phase of the East Pacifictriggers new phytoplankton blooms in San Francisco Bay. Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences, 104, pp. 18561–18565. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706151104.Cloern, J.E., Knowles, N., Brown, L.R., Cayan, D., Dettinger, M.D., Morgan, T.L., Schoellhamer,D.H., Stacey, M.T., van der Wegen, M., Wagner, R.W., & Jassby, A.D. (2011). Projected evolutionof California’s San Francisco Bay-Delta-River system in a century of climate change.PLoS ONE, 6: e24465. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024465.Colgan, C.S. (2004). The contribution of working waterfronts to the Maine economy. Maine’s WorkingWaterfront Coalition. Retrieved from http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/Publications/Working-Waterfronts.pdfColle, B.A., Buonaiuto, F., Bowman, M.J., Wilson, R.E., Flood, R., Hunter, R. & Hill, D. (2008).New York City’s vulnerability to coastal flooding - Storm surge modeling of past cyclones.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(6), pp. 829-841. doi: 10.1175/2007bams2401.1.Collins, M., An, S.I., Cai, W.J., Ganachaud, A., Guilyardi, E., Jin, F.F., Jochum, M., Lengaigne,M., Power, S., Timmermann, A., Vecchi, G. & Wittenberg, A. (2010). The impact of globalwarming on the tropical Pacific ocean <strong>and</strong> El Nino. Nature Geoscience, 3(6), pp. 391-397.
150 <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Impacts</strong>, <strong>Adaptation</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Vulnerabilities</strong>Colwell, R. R. (2008). Warming Oceans, Increasing Disease (Mapping the Health Effects of<strong>Climate</strong> Change). In: 2008-2009 State of the Wild, A Global Portrait of Wildlife, Wildl<strong>and</strong>s,<strong>and</strong> Oceans, Wildlife Conservation Society, Eva Fearn, Kent H. Redford, (Eds.). Part II, pp.115-118. Isl<strong>and</strong> Press, Washington, DC.Commerce Secretary Gary Locke Announces $167 Million in Recovery Act Funding for 50 <strong>Coastal</strong> RestorationProjects . June 30, 2009. Concannon, T., Hussain, M., Hudgens, D., & Titus, J.G. (2010). Georgia. In The Likelihood of ShoreProtection along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Volume 2: New Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Southeast.Report by the <strong>Coastal</strong> Georgia Regional Development Commission to the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. Washington, DC, pp. 255-322.Conner, W.H., Doyle, T.W. & Krauss, K.W. (Eds.). (2007a). Ecology of tidal freshwater forestedwetl<strong>and</strong>s of the Southeastern United States: The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, Springer, 505 pp.Conner, W.H., Krauss, K.W. & Doyle, T.W. (2007b). Ecology of tidal freshwater forests in coastaldeltaic Louisiana <strong>and</strong> northeastern South Carolina. In, Conner, W.H., Doyle, T.W. <strong>and</strong>Krauss, K.W. (Eds.), Ecology of tidal freshwater forested wetl<strong>and</strong>s of the SoutheasternUnited States: The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, Springer, pp. 223-253.Conrads, P.A., Roehl, E.A., Sexton, C.T., Tufford, D.L., Carbone, G.J., Dow, K., & Cook, J.B.(2010). Estimating salinity intrusion effects due to climate change along the Gr<strong>and</strong> Str<strong>and</strong>of the South Carolina coast. Conference Proceedings Paper for the 4th Federal InteragencyHydrologic Modeling Conference. Las Vegas, NV, June 2010.Convention on Biological Diversity. (2010). Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Montreal. Retrievedfrom http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf.Cooley, D. & Ol<strong>and</strong>er, L. (2011). Stacking ecosystem services payments: Risks <strong>and</strong> solutions.Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Report NI WP 11-04, Duke University.Cooper M.J.P., Beevers, M.D., & Oppenheimer, M. (2005). Future sea-level rise <strong>and</strong> the NewJersey coast. Science Technology <strong>and</strong> Policy Program, Woodrow Wilson School of Public <strong>and</strong>International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.Cordesman, A.H. & Fitzgerald, E.K. (2009). The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review: A+, F,or Dead on Arrival?, September 9, 2009. Center for Strategic <strong>and</strong> International Studies.Retrieved from http://csis.org/publication/2010-quadrennial-defense-review.Craghan, M.C, Kassakian, J., Hudgens, D., & Titus, J.G. (2010). New Jersey. In James G. Titus <strong>and</strong>Daniel Hudgens (Eds.). The Likelihood of Shore Protection along the Atlantic Coast of the UnitedStates. Volume 1: Mid-Atlantic. Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington,D.C. pp. 261-385.Crain, C.M., Halpern, B.S., Beck, M.W., et al. (2009). Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> Managing HumanThreats to the <strong>Coastal</strong> Marine Environment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1162(1), pp. 39-62.Crist, P., Madden, K., Varley, I., Eslinger, D., Walker, D., Anderson, A., Morehead, S., & Dunton,K. (2012). Integrated L<strong>and</strong>-Sea Planning: Technical Guide to the Integrated L<strong>and</strong>-Sea PlanningToolkit. EBM Tools Network. Retrieved from www.ebmtools.org.Crooks, S., Emmett-Mattox, S. & Findsen, J. (2010). Findings of the National Blue Ribbon Panel on theDevelopment of a Greenhouse Gas Protocol for Tidal Wetl<strong>and</strong>s Restoration <strong>and</strong> Management: ActionPlan to Guide Protocol Development. Arlington, VA: Restore America’s Estuaries.Crooks, S., Herr, D., Tamel<strong>and</strong>er, J., Laffoley, D., & V<strong>and</strong>ever, J. (2011). Mitigating <strong>Climate</strong> Changethrough Restoration <strong>and</strong> Management of <strong>Coastal</strong> Wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Near-shore Marine Ecosystems.Environmental Department Paper 121, Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Page 1:
National Climate Assessment Regiona
- Page 5 and 6:
© 2012 The National Oceanic and At
- Page 8:
Coastal Impacts, Adaptation,and Vul
- Page 11 and 12:
Chapter 3Lead Author: Carlton H. He
- Page 16 and 17:
ContentsKey TermsAcronymsCommunicat
- Page 18 and 19:
4.4 Human Health Impacts and Implic
- Page 20 and 21:
Key TermsxixExposure 3 - The nature
- Page 22 and 23:
AcronymsxxiNAO - North Atlantic Osc
- Page 26 and 27:
Executive Summaryxxvffffffffffffffo
- Page 28 and 29:
Executive Summaryxxviiweakened by v
- Page 30 and 31:
Executive SummaryxxixAdaptation and
- Page 34:
Introduction and Context 3irrigatio
- Page 40 and 41:
Introduction and Context 9coastal w
- Page 42 and 43:
Physical Climate Forces 11fffffffff
- Page 44 and 45:
Physical Climate Forces 13Figure 2-
- Page 46 and 47:
Physical Climate Forces 15Sea-level
- Page 48 and 49:
Physical Climate Forces 17maintain
- Page 50 and 51:
Physical Climate Forces 19These low
- Page 52 and 53:
Physical Climate Forces 21Figure 2-
- Page 54 and 55:
Physical Climate Forces 23that surv
- Page 56 and 57:
Physical Climate Forces 25Table 2-2
- Page 58 and 59:
Physical Climate Forces 27Most of t
- Page 60 and 61:
Physical Climate Forces 29(low to m
- Page 62 and 63:
Physical Climate Forces 31A number
- Page 64 and 65:
Physical Climate Forces 33off the c
- Page 66 and 67:
Physical Climate Forces 35in these
- Page 68 and 69:
Physical Climate Forces 37this diff
- Page 70 and 71:
Physical Climate Forces 39in input
- Page 72 and 73:
Physical Climate Forces 41Intensifi
- Page 74 and 75:
Physical Climate Forces 43depth qua
- Page 76 and 77:
Physical Climate Forces 45precipita
- Page 78 and 79:
Physical Climate Forces 47Sea and w
- Page 80 and 81:
Physical Climate Forces 49by sea ic
- Page 82 and 83:
Physical Climate Forces 51niche ero
- Page 84 and 85:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 86 and 87:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 88 and 89:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 90 and 91:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 92 and 93:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 94 and 95:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 96 and 97:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 98 and 99:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Human
- Page 100 and 101:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Human
- Page 103 and 104:
72 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 105 and 106:
74 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 107 and 108:
76 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 109 and 110:
78 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 111 and 112:
80 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 113 and 114:
82 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 115 and 116:
84 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 117 and 118:
86 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 119 and 120:
88 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 121 and 122:
90 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 123 and 124:
92 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 125 and 126:
94 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 127 and 128:
96 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 129 and 130: Chapter 5Adaptation and MitigationK
- Page 131 and 132: 100 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 133 and 134: 102 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 135 and 136: 104 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 137 and 138: 106 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 139 and 140: 108 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 141 and 142: 110 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 143 and 144: 112 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 145 and 146: 114 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 147 and 148: 116 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 149 and 150: 118 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 151 and 152: 120 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 153 and 154: 122 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 155 and 156: 124 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 157 and 158: 126 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 159 and 160: 128 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 161 and 162: 130 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 163 and 164: 132 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 165 and 166: 134 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 167 and 168: 136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 169 and 170: 138 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 171 and 172: 140 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 173 and 174: 142 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 175 and 176: ReferencesAbuodha, P. & Woodroffe,
- Page 177 and 178: 146 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 179: 148 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 183 and 184: 152 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 185 and 186: 154 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 187 and 188: 156 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 189 and 190: 158 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 191 and 192: 160 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 193 and 194: 162 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 195 and 196: 164 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 197 and 198: 166 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 199 and 200: 168 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 201 and 202: 170 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 203 and 204: 172 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 205 and 206: 174 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 207 and 208: 176 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 209 and 210: 178 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 211 and 212: 180 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 213 and 214: 182 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 215 and 216: 184 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 217: Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vu