References 167from http://www.ccap.org/docs/resources/674/Urban_<strong>Climate</strong>_<strong>Adaptation</strong>-FINAL_CCAP%206-9-09.pdfLubchenco, J. & Petes, L.E. (2010). The interconnected biosphere: Science at the ocean’s tippingpoints. Oceanography, 23(2), pp. 115-129.Luber, G. & McGeehin, M. (2008). <strong>Climate</strong> Change <strong>and</strong> Extreme Heat Events. American Journal ofPreventative Medicine, 35(5), pp. 429-35.Mackey, K.R.M., Van Dijken, G.L., Mazloom, S., Erhardt, A.M., Ryan, J., Arrigo, K., Paytan, A.(2010). Influence of atmospheric nutrients on primary productivity in a coastal upwellingregion. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, doi:10.1029/2009GB003737.Madsen, T. & Figdor, E. (2007). When It Rains, It Pours: Global Warming <strong>and</strong> the Rising Frequencyof Extreme Precipitation in the United States. Technical Report, Environment Maine, 47.Madsen, T., & Figdor, E. (2007). When It Rains, It Pours: Global Warming <strong>and</strong> the Rising Frequencyof Extreme Precipitation in the United States, Technical Report, Environment Maine, 47pp.Mailhot, A. & Duchesne, S. (2010), Design criteria of urban drainage infrastructures underclimate change. Journal of Water Resources Planning <strong>and</strong> Management, 136, pp. 201.Maine Administrative Code. 06-096 ch. 355, § 5 (West through 2010). S.C. Code Ann. §§ 48-39-280(A), 48-39-280(B) & 48-39-290(B)(2)(a). Tex. Nat. Res. Code Ann. §§ 61.001 et seq.(Thompson Reuters through 2010).Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP). (2009). People <strong>and</strong> Nature Adapting toa Changing <strong>Climate</strong>: Charting Maine’s Course. Retrieved from http://www.maine.gov/dep/oc/adapt/Report_final.pdf. Accessed October 27, 2011Maine Department of Environmental Protection: People <strong>and</strong> Nature, Adapting to a Changing<strong>Climate</strong>: Charting Maine’s Course, A Summary of the Report Presented to the Joint St<strong>and</strong>ingCommittee on Natural Resources of the 124 th Maine Legislature (Feb. 2011)Manson, G.K., Solomon, S.M., Forbes D.L., Atkinson, D.E., & Craymer, M. (2005).Spatial variabilityof factors influencing coastal change in the western Canadian Arctic. GeoMarineLetters, 25, pp. 138-145.Marani, M., D’Alpaos, A., Lanzoni, S., Carniello, L. & Rinaldo, A. (2007). Biologically-controlledmultiple equilibria of tidal l<strong>and</strong>forms <strong>and</strong> the fate of the Venice lagoon. Geophysical ResearchLetters, 34(11), L11402, doi:10.1029/2007GL030178.Marion, C., Anthony, E.J., Trentesaux, A. (2009). Short-term (
168 <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Impacts</strong>, <strong>Adaptation</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Vulnerabilities</strong>Maryl<strong>and</strong> Code Annotated Environmental Article§ 16-201. See also MD Comprehensive Strategy,ch. 5, pp. 23-24.Maryl<strong>and</strong> Commission on <strong>Climate</strong> Change (MCCC). (2008). Maryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> Action Plan.Retrieved from www.mdclimatechange.us/ewebeditpro/items/O40F14798.pdf. Accessed onOctober 27, 2011.Maryl<strong>and</strong> Commission on <strong>Climate</strong> Change <strong>Adaptation</strong> <strong>and</strong> Response Working Group, ComprehensiveStrategy for Reducing Maryl<strong>and</strong>’s Vulnerability to <strong>Climate</strong> Change Phase I: Sea-level Rise<strong>and</strong> <strong>Coastal</strong> Storms, ch. 5 at 9, 13 (2008).Maryl<strong>and</strong> Department of Natural Resources. (2010). <strong>Climate</strong> Change Policy: Building Resilienceto <strong>Climate</strong> Change. Maryl<strong>and</strong> Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis MD.Maryl<strong>and</strong> Department of Natural Resources. <strong>Coastal</strong> Habitats <strong>and</strong> Sea Level Rise. Retrieved fromhttp://www.dnr.state.md.us/ccp/habitats_slr.asp. Accessed December 22, 2011.McCabe, G.J., Clark, M.P., & Serreze, M.C. (2001). Trends in northern hemisphere surface cyclonefrequency <strong>and</strong> intensity. Journal of <strong>Climate</strong>, 14, pp. 2763–2768.McCue, T. (2010). East Central Florida. In: The Likelihood of Shore Protection along the AtlanticCoast of the United States. Volume 2: New Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Southeast. Report by the East FloridaRegional Planning Council to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.pp. 467-514.McGranahan, G., Balk, D., & Anderson, B. (2007). The rising tide: assessing the risks of climatechange <strong>and</strong> human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment & Urbanization,19(1), pp. 17-37.McLellan, S.L., Hollis, E.J., Depas, M.M., Van Dyke, M., Harris, J., & Scopel, C.O. (2007). Distribution<strong>and</strong> fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan following contamination with urbanstormwater <strong>and</strong> combined sewer overflows. Journal of Great Lakes Research , 33(3), pp. 566-580.Mcleod, E., Poulter, B., Hinkel, J., Rey, E., & Salm, R. (2010). Sea-level rise impact models <strong>and</strong>environmental conservation: A review of models <strong>and</strong> their applications. Ocean & <strong>Coastal</strong>Management, 53, pp. 507-517McNeall, D., Halloran, P.R., Good, P. & Betts, R.A. (2011). Analyzing abrupt <strong>and</strong> nonlinearclimate changes <strong>and</strong> their impacts. WIREs <strong>Climate</strong> Change, 2, pp. 663-686.Medvigy, D., & Beaulieu, C., (2012). Trends in daily solar radiation <strong>and</strong> precipitation coefficientsof variation since 1984. Journal of <strong>Climate</strong>, 25, pp. 1330–1339. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4115.1Meehl, G.A., Stocker, T.F., Collins, W.D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A.T., Gregory, J.M., Kitoh, A.,Knutti, R., Murphy, J.M., Noda, A., Raper, S.C.B., Watterson, I.G., Weaver, A.J., & Zhao, Z.C.(2007). Global climate projections. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis,M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), <strong>Climate</strong> Change 2007: The Physical ScienceBasis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IntergovernmentalPanel on <strong>Climate</strong> Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom<strong>and</strong> New York, NY, USA, pp.747–845.Mendez, F.J., Menendez, M., Luceno, A., & Losada, I.J. (2006). Estimation of the long-term variabilityof extreme significant wave height using a time-dependent Peak Over Threshold(POT) model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, C07024, doi:10.1029/2005JC003344.Menendez, M. & Woodworth, P.L. (2010). Changes in extreme high water levels based on aquasi-global tide-gauge dataset. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, C10011.Menéndez, M., Méndez, F.J., Losada, I. J., & Graham, N.E. (2008). Variability of extreme waveheights in the northeast Pacific Ocean based on buoy measurements, Geophysical ResearchLetters, 35(22), doi:10.1029/2008GL035394.
- Page 1:
National Climate Assessment Regiona
- Page 5 and 6:
© 2012 The National Oceanic and At
- Page 8:
Coastal Impacts, Adaptation,and Vul
- Page 11 and 12:
Chapter 3Lead Author: Carlton H. He
- Page 16 and 17:
ContentsKey TermsAcronymsCommunicat
- Page 18 and 19:
4.4 Human Health Impacts and Implic
- Page 20 and 21:
Key TermsxixExposure 3 - The nature
- Page 22 and 23:
AcronymsxxiNAO - North Atlantic Osc
- Page 26 and 27:
Executive Summaryxxvffffffffffffffo
- Page 28 and 29:
Executive Summaryxxviiweakened by v
- Page 30 and 31:
Executive SummaryxxixAdaptation and
- Page 34:
Introduction and Context 3irrigatio
- Page 40 and 41:
Introduction and Context 9coastal w
- Page 42 and 43:
Physical Climate Forces 11fffffffff
- Page 44 and 45:
Physical Climate Forces 13Figure 2-
- Page 46 and 47:
Physical Climate Forces 15Sea-level
- Page 48 and 49:
Physical Climate Forces 17maintain
- Page 50 and 51:
Physical Climate Forces 19These low
- Page 52 and 53:
Physical Climate Forces 21Figure 2-
- Page 54 and 55:
Physical Climate Forces 23that surv
- Page 56 and 57:
Physical Climate Forces 25Table 2-2
- Page 58 and 59:
Physical Climate Forces 27Most of t
- Page 60 and 61:
Physical Climate Forces 29(low to m
- Page 62 and 63:
Physical Climate Forces 31A number
- Page 64 and 65:
Physical Climate Forces 33off the c
- Page 66 and 67:
Physical Climate Forces 35in these
- Page 68 and 69:
Physical Climate Forces 37this diff
- Page 70 and 71:
Physical Climate Forces 39in input
- Page 72 and 73:
Physical Climate Forces 41Intensifi
- Page 74 and 75:
Physical Climate Forces 43depth qua
- Page 76 and 77:
Physical Climate Forces 45precipita
- Page 78 and 79:
Physical Climate Forces 47Sea and w
- Page 80 and 81:
Physical Climate Forces 49by sea ic
- Page 82 and 83:
Physical Climate Forces 51niche ero
- Page 84 and 85:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 86 and 87:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 88 and 89:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 90 and 91:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 92 and 93:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 94 and 95:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 96 and 97:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Natura
- Page 98 and 99:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Human
- Page 100 and 101:
Vulnerability and Impacts on Human
- Page 103 and 104:
72 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 105 and 106:
74 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 107 and 108:
76 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 109 and 110:
78 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 111 and 112:
80 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 113 and 114:
82 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 115 and 116:
84 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 117 and 118:
86 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 119 and 120:
88 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 121 and 122:
90 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 123 and 124:
92 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 125 and 126:
94 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 127 and 128:
96 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and
- Page 129 and 130:
Chapter 5Adaptation and MitigationK
- Page 131 and 132:
100 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 133 and 134:
102 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 135 and 136:
104 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 137 and 138:
106 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 139 and 140:
108 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 141 and 142:
110 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 143 and 144:
112 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 145 and 146:
114 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 147 and 148: 116 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 149 and 150: 118 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 151 and 152: 120 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 153 and 154: 122 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 155 and 156: 124 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 157 and 158: 126 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 159 and 160: 128 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 161 and 162: 130 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 163 and 164: 132 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 165 and 166: 134 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 167 and 168: 136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 169 and 170: 138 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 171 and 172: 140 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 173 and 174: 142 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 175 and 176: ReferencesAbuodha, P. & Woodroffe,
- Page 177 and 178: 146 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 179 and 180: 148 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 181 and 182: 150 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 183 and 184: 152 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 185 and 186: 154 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 187 and 188: 156 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 189 and 190: 158 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 191 and 192: 160 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 193 and 194: 162 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 195 and 196: 164 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 197: 166 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 201 and 202: 170 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 203 and 204: 172 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 205 and 206: 174 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 207 and 208: 176 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 209 and 210: 178 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 211 and 212: 180 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 213 and 214: 182 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 215 and 216: 184 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
- Page 217: Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vu
Change language