Saticoy & Wells Community Plan & Development ... - City Of Ventura

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Saticoy & Wells Community Plan and Code EIRSection 5.0 Growth Effects and Other CEQA Sectionsthe first conclusive measurements being made in the last half of the 20th century. Concentrationsof CO 2 in the atmosphere have risen approximately 35%, since the Industrial Revolution. Per theIPCC (2007), the global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from a preindustrialvalue of about 280 parts per million (ppm) to 379 ppm in 2005. The atmosphericconcentration of CO 2 in 2005 exceeds the natural range over the last 650,000 years (180 to 300 ppm)as determined from ice cores. The average annual carbon dioxide concentration growth rate waslarger during the last 10 years (1995–2005 average: 1.9 ppm per year) than it has been since thebeginning of continuous direct atmospheric measurements (1960–2005 average: 1.4 ppm per year),although there is year-to-year variability in growth rates.Methane. Methane (CH 4 ) is an effective absorber of radiation, though its atmosphericconcentration is less than that of carbon dioxide and its lifetime in the atmosphere is limited to 10-12 years, compared to some other GHGs. It is approximately 20 times more effective at trappingheat in the atmosphere than CO 2 (global warming potential [GWP] 20x that of CO 2 ). Over the last250 years, the concentration of CH 4 in the atmosphere increased by 148% (IPCC 2007).Anthropogenic sources of CH 4 include landfills, natural gas and petroleum systems, agriculturalactivities, coal mining, wastewater treatment, stationary and mobile combustion, and certainindustrial processes (USEPA, April 2008).Nitrous Oxide. Concentrations of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) also began to rise at the beginning ofthe industrial revolution. N 2 O is produced by microbial processes in soil and water, includingthose reactions which occur in fertilizers that contain nitrogen. Use of these fertilizers hasincreased over the last century. Nitrous oxide’s GWP is 300 times that of CO 2 .Fluorinated Gases (HFCS, PFCS and SF 6 ). Fluorinated gases, such as hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfurhexafluoride (SF 6 ), are greenhouse gases that areemitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are used as substitutes for ozonedepletingsubstances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),and halons, which have been regulated since the mid-1980s because of their ozone-destroyingpotential and are phased out under the Montreal Protocol and Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.Fluorinated gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities than CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O, but eachmolecule can have a much greater global warming effect. SF 6 is the most potent greenhouse gasthat the IPCC has evaluated.5.3.2 Greenhouse Gas InventoryWorldwide anthropogenic emissions of GHGs were approximately 40,000 million metric tons ofcarbon dioxide equivalent (CDE 1 ), including ongoing emissions from industrial and agriculturalsources, but excluding emissions from land use changes (i.e., deforestation, biomass decay) (IPCC,2007). CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel use accounts for 56.6% of the total emissions of 49,000 millionmetric tons CDE (includes land use changes) and all CO 2 emissions are 76.7% of the total. Methaneemissions account for 14.3% and N 2 O emissions for 7.9% of GHGs (IPCC, 2007).1Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE or CO 2 E) is a quantity that describes, for a given mixture and amount of GHGs, the amount ofCO 2 (usually in metric tons; million metric tons [megatonne] = MMTCO 2 E = terragram [Tg] CO 2 Eq; 1,000 MMT = gigatonne) thatwould have the same global warming potential (GWP) when measured over a specified timescale (generally, 100 years).City of Ventura5-5
Saticoy & Wells Community Plan and Code EIRSection 5.0 Growth Effects and Other CEQA SectionsTotal U.S. GHG emissions were estimated at 7,054 million metric tons CDE in 2006 (USEPA, April2008), or about 14% of worldwide GHG emissions. U.S. emissions rose by 14.7% from 1990 to 2006,while emissions fell by 1.1% from 2005 to 2006 (75.7 MMT CDE). The following factors wereprimary contributors to this decrease: (1) compared to 2005, 2006 had warmer winter conditions,which reduced consumption of heating fuels, as well as cooler summer conditions, which reduceddemand for electricity; (2) restraint on fuel consumption caused by rising fuel prices, primarily inthe transportation sector; and (3) increased use of natural gas and renewables in the electric powersector.The primary GHG emitted by human activities in the United States is CO 2 , representing anestimated 84.8% of total GHG emissions (USEPA, April 2008). The largest source of CO 2 , and ofoverall greenhouse gas emissions, was fossil fuel combustion. CH 4 emissions, which have declinedfrom 1990 levels, resulted primarily from enteric fermentation associated with domestic livestock,decomposition of wastes in landfills, and natural gas systems. Agricultural soil management andmobile source fossil fuel combustion were the major sources of N 2 O emissions. The emissions ofsubstitutes for ozone depleting substances and emissions of HFC-23 during the production ofHCFC-22 are the primary contributors to aggregate HFC emissions. Electrical transmission anddistribution systems account for most SF 6 emissions, while PFC emissions result fromsemiconductor manufacturing and as a by-product of primary aluminum production.The residential and commercial end-use sectors accounted for 20% and 18%, respectively, of CO 2emissions from fossil fuel combustion in 2006 (USEPA, April 2008). Both sectors relied heavily onelectricity for meeting energy demands, with 72% and 79%, respectively, of their emissionsattributable to electricity consumption for lighting, heating, cooling, and operating appliances. Theremaining emissions were due to the consumption of natural gas and petroleum for heating andcooking.California is the second largest contributor in the United States among states and if California wereconsidered a country, it would be the sixteenth largest contributor in the world (AEP, 2007). Basedupon the 2004 GHG inventory data (the latest year available) compiled by the California EnergyCommission (CEC, December 2006), California produced 492 MMT CDE (7% of US total). Themajor source of GHGs in California is transportation, contributing 41% of the state’s total GHGemissions. Electricity generation is the second largest source, contributing 22% of the state’s GHGemissions (CEC, December 2006). Most, 81%, of California’s 2004 GHG emissions (in terms ofCDE) were carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuel combustion, with 2.8% from other sources ofCO 2 , 5.7% from methane, and 6.8% from nitrous oxide (CEC, December 2006). Californiaemissions are due in part to its large size and large population. By contrast, California had thefourth lowest CO 2 emissions per capita from fossil fuel combustion in the country in 2001, due tothe success of its energy-efficiency and renewable energy programs and commitments that havelowered the state’s GHG emissions rate of growth by more than half of what it would have beenotherwise (CEC, December 2006). Another factor that reduces California’s per capita fuel use andGHG emissions, as compared to other states, is its mild climate compared to that of many otherstates.5-6City of Ventura
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