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Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl OystersTable 1. Type, total area and characteristics of the coral reef and lagoon habitats associated with each of the CookIslands (Wells 1998).Island Type Area Characteristics of Reefs and Lagoons(km 2 )Manihiki Atoll 5.2Penrhyn Atoll 9.8 Many isletsOuter reef has buttresses, surge channels and deep water nearby. Corals arebest-developed at the south-east end of the lagoon, where waves wash over thereef. Lagoon is about 5 km in diameter and has a maximum depth of 72 m.Two large islets in north-east and west and many small islets at southern endof lagoon.Rakahanga Atoll 4.0Rarotonga High, volcanic 67.0Small lagoon surrounded by reef with two main islets to north and south andseven smaller islets in between them.Fringing reefs are 400-800, 100-200m and 50-100m wide on the south, west andnorth and east coast, respectively. Reef edge is almost continuous. Reef flatsare shallow and covered with sand. Algal ridge is present on the reef.Mangaia Low, volcanic uplifted 71.0Mauke Low, volcanic, raised 18.4Mitiaro Low, volcanic 22.3Atiu Moderate, volcanic, 28.2raisedFringing reef with narrow living reef flat, steep outer reef slope that levels offto a wide terrace at a depth of 30-40 m depthSurrounded completely by a 50-100m wide reef flat dominated by hard reefrock pavement. Outer reef slopes gently to depths of 8-15 m, and then steeplyto 80 m, with few shelves.Fringing reef with narrow living reef flatFringing reef with narrow living reef flat, except on the north side where thereis no reef flat.Takutea Low, lying elongated 1.3 Surrounded by reefsand cayManuae Atoll with two flat coral 22.0sand islets.Palmerston Atoll 2.6Aitutaki Triangular volcanic cone 106.0forming an almost atollShallow closed lagoon surrounded by continuous reef with a single narrowboat passageElongated lagoon with eight islets surrounded by reefLarge (66 km 2 ), shallow (75% < 4.5 m deep) lagoon. Triangular barrier reef, 600-1700 m wide. Steep outer edge on south and east sides and intermediate slopeon west side. Small patches of reef in south and south-west of lagoon.SuwarrowPukapukaAtoll with a nearcontinuous rim and 22isletsTriangular atoll withthree islets at the apicesand several sand banks.Atoll is surrounded by a well developed algal ridge and 100-800 m wide reefflat. Patch reefs < 100 m diameter occur in the central lagoon and small patchreefs around its western edge. Lagoon has 10 km diameter, maximum depth of80 m and covers 133 km 2 . A wide, 10 m deep pass in the north-east allowsgood exchange of water.Atoll is surrounded by a closed reef, except for an artificial passge at NW end.Lagoon is 8 km x 3-5 km and ranges in depth from 10-50 m.Nassua Oval, flat sand cay Narrow reef flat
Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl OystersTable 2. Geographic location of each of the aquaculture regions in Western Australia, their coastal characteristics, typical marine habitats, and location of pearlfarmsAquaculture Region Coastal Characteristics Coastal/Marine Habitats Location of Pearl FarmsKimberley Coast - NorthernTerritory border to Cape Levequeon the Dampier PeninsulaMacro-tidal, low wave energy,subject to seasonal cyclones andlarge inputs of fluvial sedimentsduring the wet season.Nearshore areas are characterized by numerousmangrove forests, wide tidal flats and turbid waters.Coastal fringing reefs occur on hard substrata.Numerous mid-shelf and shelf edge islands, banksand reefs, many built on platform coral reefs.Silver-lip oysters farmed in KingSound, Doubtful Bay and KuriBayCanning Coast - Cape Leveque toCape MissiessyVery large tidal range, moderateto low wave energy and littlefluvial inputs.Long sandy beaches in deeply-indented bays flankedby rocky headlands, reefs and sand flats with largemud flats and mangroves at their heads. One group ofoffshore islands (Lacepedes)Carnot Bay, Pender Bay, RoebuckBay and Lacepede IslandsEighty Mile Beach - CapeMissiessy to Cape KeraudrinPilbara Coast - Cape Keraudrin toNorth-West CapeVery large tidal range andmoderate wave energy.Moderate tidal ranges, low waveenergy, influenced by cyclones,periodic run-off and strong tidalflows.Sandy beach sloping to wide, muddy tidal sand flats.Mangroves in small bays.Coastal deltas, barrier islands and lagoons withextensive mangroves backed by wide, supra-tidalflats. Shoreline has long beaches and muddy tidalflats. Numerous islands and coral reefs on RowleyShelf.Oysters cultured onlonglines orin baskets at some sites off EightyMile BeachExmouth Gulf, DampierArchipelago, off PortHedland, Dampier andMontebello Islands.Shark Bay Coast - Point Quobbato Kalbarri. Bernier, Dorre andDirk Hartog Islands consititutethe seaward boundary.Eastern shore of the bayexperiences low wave energy.Leeward and windward side ofthe islands are exposed tomoderate and strong waveaction, respectively.Large marine embayment with world's largestseagrass meadow, small coral reefs, sheltered sandybeaches and low limestone cliffs. Eastern shore hasmangroves and wide tidal flats. Southern part of thebay is hypersaline.Silver-lip oyster hatchery atOyster Creek, Carnarvon. Blacklipoysters are cultured withinShark Bay.Central West Coast - Kalbarri toPerth including Abrolhos IslandsCoast experiences high waveenergy, relatively small tides andlimited freshwater run-off.Long sandy beaches with limestone cliffs andheadlands, sheltered by extensive offshore limestonereef systems with large algae and seagrass bedsinshore. Abrolhos Islands have coral platforms andreefs.Black-lip oysters are cultured inthe Abrolhos Islands
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Stimulating investment in pearlfarm
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Appendix IAppendix IIAppendix IIIAp
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various project elements to describ
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PNGSolomon IsPNGCook IsVanuatuFijiF
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Figure 2. Typical coastal habitat f
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to work alongside WorldFish science
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least two weeks before the main sur
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duration of the dive, maximum botto
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3.7 Natural disastersEnvironmental
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• Legislative review is underway
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− Manning Strait islands− Suava
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incentive treatment that fits the l
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continuing to enter the market. Thi
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Provisions for further aquaculture
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• licences will relate to a parti
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species in Australia are 5 - 10 tim
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6.3 Investor’s recommendations fo
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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Summary• Historically, the blackl
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1. IntroductionBlacklip pearl oyste
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3. Nationwide surveysIn May-June 20
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10 spat collectors were attached at
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On a local scale, it was found that
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3025Normalised catch201510500 2 4 6
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30Spat collector -125201510a. NoroL
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Figure 10. The number of Cymatium,
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Figure 11. Intermediate culture tra
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% survival10090HatcheryWild80706050
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Thus, under the regime developed in
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Page 65 and 66: 9. ReferencesBraley, R.D. 1997. Fin
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Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequ
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Report to:WorldFish CenterAbundance
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Abundance, Size Structure and Quali
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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1. Governance and political stabili
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Despite its present weaknesses, eff
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payments, but the authorities have
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to recede and presumably vanish und
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outcome is far from certain. There
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existing links, at locations within
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6. Forms of co-investment6.1 Partne
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8. Taxation and incentives8.1 Direc
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10. Labour laws10.1 Foreign workers
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GILLETT, PRESTON AND ASSOCIATES INC
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Page 21. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPearl far
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Page 42. BACKGROUNDPast research su
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Page 6million; in 2002, it exported
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Page 8the bead in an even, uniform
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Page 10alternative products. Most m
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Page 12fisheries-related activities
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Page 144.3. PolicyThe current gover
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5.2. Stocking densityPage 16Mature
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Page 18or harmful fouling organisms
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Page 20In addition to licensing und
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Page 22Much of this work will have
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Page 24provide them with technical
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Page 26management, disease control,
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Page 28Ministry of Development Plan
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Page 30‘seeding’ means the impl
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Page 326. Provision of statistical
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Page 3414. Aggrieved person may app
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Page 36Division V. Importation, mov
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Page 38(2) Separate fees are payabl
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Page 40Other forms of government su
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Page 42Solomon IslandsPEARL FARMING
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