Stimulating investment in pearl farming in ... - World Fish Center

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Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl Oysters Final, June 20083.2.3 Cook IslandsIn 1905, silver-lip oysters were introduced into the Cook Islands for culture, but this venturewas discontinued after the area was hit by a cyclone (SPC 2002).3.2.4 ConclusionsThe geographic distribution range of silver-lip pearl oysters is more restricted than that ofblack-lip pearl oysters, hence commercial silver-lip pearl farms have been established onlyon the north coast of Australia and in Papua New Guinea. The silver pearl industries inWestern Australia and Queensland are based primarily on the collection of wild oysters andhatchery-derived spat, respectively, whereas that in the Northern Territory is based onoysters sourced from hatcheries and wild oysters imported from Western Australia.It is difficult to assess the suitability of Solomon Islands waters for silver-lip pearl farming,because of the general paucity of information on the coastal environment in this region andon environmental conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the Australian and Papuan farms.It is, however, worth noting that the coastal waters off the larger Solomon Islands and thenorthern part of Australia are subject to heavy rainfall accompanied by freshwater runoffladen with silt.The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 11
Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl Oysters Final, June 20084.0 OVERVIEW OF CORAL REEF AND LAGOON HABITATS INKEY PACIFIC REGIONS4.1 AustraliaThe following overview of tropical Australian reef systems is based on Veron (2000). Subtropicalcoral reef systems have not been described, because they are not comparable tothose in the South Pacific region. In the tropical region of Australia, the best-developedcoral reefs are found along the northeast coast, there is less development of coral reefs alongthe northwest coast and only limited development along the north coast. On the north-eastcoast, the major reef structure is the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), which comprises about 3,000fringing reefs, submerged reefs, platform and barrier reefs spanning the continental shelf ofthe Pacific coast of Queensland and merging in the north with the reefs of the Torres Straitand Papua New Guinea (Figure 1a). There are also scattered and remote reefs in the CoralSea. The GBR extends from the tropics into the subtropics and has various regions whichdiffer in terms of climate (wind patterns and rainfall), tidal regimes, water quality,bathymetry, island types, substrata and even geological histories.Capricorn and Bunker reefs, in the southern section of the GBR, are characterised by welldefined,distinctly elevated platform reefs with entire, steeply sloping sides, moderatelydeep water between reefs and vegetated cays. The Pompey Complex and Swain Reefs, twoof the most offshore extensions of this section of the GBR, have a greater range of habitatsand more diverse corals than the Capricorn/Bunker Reefs. The Pompey Complex, consistsof interlocking reefs, channels, sandbars and lagoons and has ‘deltaic’ reefs composed ofsolid limestone on its outer edge which are separated by U-shaped channels characterisedby very strong, reversing, tidal currents. This complex experiences the greatest tidal rangeof the GBR and is a major barrier to tidal water movement. The Swain complex forms asouthward pointing wedge. The reefs on both sides of the wedge have exposed outer facesand protected inner margins, but are ecologically dissimilar.The central section of the GBR is characterised by lower reefs than the southern andnorthern sections, a lack of cays and well-defined outer barrier reefs. The coastal waters arerelatively shallow, turbid, protected from strong wave action and subject to seasonalterrigenous inputs of silt, freshwater and organic nutrients when rivers are in flood. Thefauna and flora of the inshore reefs and inter-reefal areas are conseqently very different fromthose occurring offshore.In the northern section of the GBR, ribbon reefs are found where the GBR shelf meets theQueensland Trough. These ribbon reefs occur all the way along the shelf-edge break toTorres Strait (720 km). Those on the eastern side are exposed to ocean swells and dropsteeply into the abyssal depths of the Queensland Trough. The band of water inside theribbon reefs is largely devoid of reefs. The mid-shelf, however, supports extensive areas ofreefs with roughly parallel east-west margins, that were cut in the past by rivers at low sealevels. The inner shelf contains a variety of reef types, high islands and coral cays, many ofwhich are vegetated. In the far north, where the continental shelf widens, there areextensive shelf edge reefs and numerous nearshore reefs. In the Torres Strait, the outerbarrier reefs are broken up into a series of delta-like formations similar to the reefs of thePompey Complex, and an almost impenetrable line of 'dissected' reefs. Inside this barrier,there is a variety of reef complexes, high islands and cays. The sea gradually becomes moreshallow and turbid towards the west, finally forming the Warrior Reefs, a series ofenormous mud flats fringed in the east by coral.The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 12
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Stimulating investment in pearlfarm
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Appendix IAppendix IIAppendix IIIAp
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various project elements to describ
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PNGSolomon IsPNGCook IsVanuatuFijiF
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Figure 2. Typical coastal habitat f
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to work alongside WorldFish science
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least two weeks before the main sur
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duration of the dive, maximum botto
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3.7 Natural disastersEnvironmental
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• Legislative review is underway
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− Manning Strait islands− Suava
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incentive treatment that fits the l
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continuing to enter the market. Thi
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Provisions for further aquaculture
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• licences will relate to a parti
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species in Australia are 5 - 10 tim
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6.3 Investor’s recommendations fo
Page 35 and 36: Report on an EU project grant to th
Page 37 and 38: Summary• Historically, the blackl
Page 39 and 40: 1. IntroductionBlacklip pearl oyste
Page 41 and 42: 3. Nationwide surveysIn May-June 20
Page 43 and 44: 10 spat collectors were attached at
Page 45 and 46: On a local scale, it was found that
Page 47 and 48: 3025Normalised catch201510500 2 4 6
Page 49 and 50: 30Spat collector -125201510a. NoroL
Page 51 and 52: Figure 10. The number of Cymatium,
Page 53 and 54: Figure 11. Intermediate culture tra
Page 55 and 56: % survival10090HatcheryWild80706050
Page 57 and 58: Thus, under the regime developed in
Page 59 and 60: 7.3 Retention and mortality after s
Page 61 and 62: 7.5 Seeding of hatchery-produced sp
Page 63 and 64: have used average values of $25, $3
Page 65 and 66: 9. ReferencesBraley, R.D. 1997. Fin
Page 67 and 68: depend mainly on the quality of the
Page 69 and 70: Report to:World Fish CenterSuitabil
Page 71 and 72: Suitability of Habitats for Growth
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Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequ
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Report to:WorldFish CenterAbundance
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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1. Governance and political stabili
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Despite its present weaknesses, eff
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payments, but the authorities have
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to recede and presumably vanish und
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outcome is far from certain. There
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existing links, at locations within
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6. Forms of co-investment6.1 Partne
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8. Taxation and incentives8.1 Direc
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10. Labour laws10.1 Foreign workers
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GILLETT, PRESTON AND ASSOCIATES INC
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Page 21. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPearl far
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Page 42. BACKGROUNDPast research su
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Page 6million; in 2002, it exported
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Page 8the bead in an even, uniform
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Page 10alternative products. Most m
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Page 12fisheries-related activities
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Page 144.3. PolicyThe current gover
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5.2. Stocking densityPage 16Mature
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Page 18or harmful fouling organisms
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Page 20In addition to licensing und
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Page 22Much of this work will have
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Page 24provide them with technical
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Page 26management, disease control,
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Page 28Ministry of Development Plan
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Page 30‘seeding’ means the impl
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Page 326. Provision of statistical
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Page 3414. Aggrieved person may app
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Page 36Division V. Importation, mov
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Page 38(2) Separate fees are payabl
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Page 40Other forms of government su
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Page 42Solomon IslandsPEARL FARMING
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