Stimulating investment in pearl farming in ... - World Fish Center

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Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl Oysters Final, June 2008shallows, but has a silty bottom and a narrow silty beach in the north. There are tworelatively wide (450-550 m), deep (14 and 35 m) passes on the northern side, each of whichhas a patch reef at their entrance to the lagoon. There are also about 150 hoa (shallowchannels separating individual narrow islands on atoll reefs), some of which are open to thelagoon but blocked from the ocean, others are closed to the lagoon but open to the oceanwhile others are totally isolated. The water within the lagoon is similar to the ocean due tothe exchange that takes place through the passes and its large size. The reef flat has an algalridge approximately 10- 20 m wide. The submerged reef flat consists of a calcareousplatform studded with small colonies of coral. The abundance and diversity of corals issmall within the lagoon, but increases where the slope drops off. Patches of coral arerelatively abundant in the shallow areas in the southern part of the lagoon, where the wateris less silty, but abundance declines with depth. The pinnacles have a wide coral rockplatform on their sheltered sides, which is covered with sand, and scattered patches of coraland a sandy shelf with Acropora and encrusting algae on their exposed sides. The areaaround the base of the pinnacles is also sandy. A variety of scattered corals are found on theslope.Fakareva is a rectangular atoll. The lagoon is 56 km x 24 km, has islets at its eastern end andtwo passes. Takaroa atoll is 28 km x 8 km and has one pass into the lagoon.The volcanic islands Raiatea and Tahaa are surrounded by the same barrier reef. The lagoonis continuous except for two sections on the west coast. Mangareva is a high volcanic islandwith a 150 m wide fringing reef on the south coast, a 100-500 m wide, well-developed reef onthe east coast and reefs in shallow water on gentle slopes on the north and west sides,mainly around headlands.3.1.5 Solomon IslandsThe establishment of black pearl farms using wild spat and/or hatchery production hasbeen investigated (Friedman et al. 1996; Lane et al. 2003). A demonstration farm based onthe collection and rearing of wild spat has been established at Nusatupe, near Ghizo. Thissite is situated in the mid-lagoon and is subject to moderate near channel flows (Friedman etal. 1998). No information was found about water depth, temperature, salinity or foodsources at this location.3.1.6 VanuatuA black pearl culture feasibility study has been conducted at Peskarus in the MaskelynIslands, but trials were abandoned because there were insufficient stocks to support acommercial farm (SPC 2002). The potential for establishing black pearl farms has beeninvestigated (Lane et al. 2003).3.1.7 ConclusionsThe most productive black pearl farms are located in sheltered lagoons associated with atollsin French Polynesia and the Cook Islands, where this species reaches its greatest naturalabundance and wild spat for rearing are readily available. The feasibility of establishingfarms based on collection and rearing of wild stock/spat has also been investigated in othercoral reef habitats in Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Several farms havesubsequently been established in Fiji. Commercial farm operations based on the supply ofjuvenile pearl oysters from hatcheries have also recently been established in WesternAustralia. Information is available about the environmental conditions in the vicinity ofsome of the farms in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands, but not those in Fiji andThe Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 9
Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl Oysters Final, June 2008Australia. The paucity of information on environmental conditions prevailing in SolomonIslands relative to Cook Islands and French Polynesia precludes an assessment of whetherconditions for pearl farming would be comparable.3.2 Silver-White South Sea Pearl Farms3.2.1 AustraliaSilver-lip pearl oysters are currently being farmed in the northern part of Western Australia,Northern Territory, Queensland/Torres Strait Islands (Australian Aquatic Portal 2007).The West Australian silver pearl industry is based primarily on the collection of wild oystersthat are seeded with a nucleus under laboratory conditions on board ship, then placed inseabed panels which are turned regularly for two to three months before being transferredto pearl farms where they are grown on panels suspended from long lines for two years(Wells and Jernakoff 2006). Farms have been established along the Kimberley Coast,Canning Coast, Eighty Mile Beach, Pilbara Coast, Shark Bay Coast and Central West Coast(Department of Fisheries, Western Australia 1997). The geographic location of each of theseregions their coastal characteristics, typical marine habitats, and location pearl farms withinthem is summarised in Table 2. The pearling industry is based in Broome (Department ofFisheries, Western Australia 2002).In the Northern Territory, the production of silver pearls is based on oysters sourced fromhatcheries or on wild harvested oysters from Western Australia (Department of PrimaryIndustry, Fisheries and Mines, Northern Territory 2006). Active pearl farms are located intwo main areas: Coburg Peninsula/Croker Island and the English Company Islands/TruantIslands. There are several other lease sites owned by licensees, but these are not currentlybeing used for cultivation of pearls. The farm sites experience heavy rainfall during therainy season which may reduce the salinity of the water to < 30 ‰ for two or more weeks.Such salinities may have an adverse effect on the growth rates of spat (Taylor et al. 2004).The associated runoff from shore, silt and other effluent may also influence coastal pearlculture sites (Taylor et al. 2004).In Queensland, most of the silver-lip oyster shells used for pearl cultivation are obtainedfrom hatchery-derived spat (Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Queensland2007). Spat hatcheries have been established at Albany Island, Turtle Head, and FitzroyIslands (Gemmological Association of Australia, 2005). Suitable-sized wild silver-lip pearloysters collected by the East Coast Pearl Fishery are also translocated to aquaculture farmsin Queensland and the Torres Strait for use in pearl production, but account for only a smallamount of the live shells used for pearl production. There are pearl farms in several regionsof the Torres Strait (i.e. near Albany, Friday, Roko, Prince of Wales and Saibai Islands), atthree locations off the Great Barrier Reef (Arlington Reef, Double Island and Fitzroy Island)and in Hervey Bay, Southern Queensland.3.2.2 Papua New GuineaA commercial silver-lip pearl farm has been in operation on Samurai Island in Milne Baysince 1998 (SPC 2002). The pearl hatchery established at this location in 2002 has conductedtwo successful spawnings of black-lip and silver-lip oysters (National Fisheries Authority,Papua New Guinea 2005). A pearl farm has also been established on Ungan Island in NewIreland.The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 10
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Stimulating investment in pearlfarm
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Appendix IAppendix IIAppendix IIIAp
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various project elements to describ
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PNGSolomon IsPNGCook IsVanuatuFijiF
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Figure 2. Typical coastal habitat f
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to work alongside WorldFish science
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least two weeks before the main sur
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duration of the dive, maximum botto
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3.7 Natural disastersEnvironmental
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• Legislative review is underway
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− Manning Strait islands− Suava
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incentive treatment that fits the l
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continuing to enter the market. Thi
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Provisions for further aquaculture
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• licences will relate to a parti
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species in Australia are 5 - 10 tim
Page 33 and 34: 6.3 Investor’s recommendations fo
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Page 37 and 38: Summary• Historically, the blackl
Page 39 and 40: 1. IntroductionBlacklip pearl oyste
Page 41 and 42: 3. Nationwide surveysIn May-June 20
Page 43 and 44: 10 spat collectors were attached at
Page 45 and 46: On a local scale, it was found that
Page 47 and 48: 3025Normalised catch201510500 2 4 6
Page 49 and 50: 30Spat collector -125201510a. NoroL
Page 51 and 52: Figure 10. The number of Cymatium,
Page 53 and 54: Figure 11. Intermediate culture tra
Page 55 and 56: % survival10090HatcheryWild80706050
Page 57 and 58: Thus, under the regime developed in
Page 59 and 60: 7.3 Retention and mortality after s
Page 61 and 62: 7.5 Seeding of hatchery-produced sp
Page 63 and 64: have used average values of $25, $3
Page 65 and 66: 9. ReferencesBraley, R.D. 1997. Fin
Page 67 and 68: depend mainly on the quality of the
Page 69 and 70: Report to:World Fish CenterSuitabil
Page 71 and 72: Suitability of Habitats for Growth
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Page 89: Suitability of Habitats for Growth
Page 120 and 121: Report to:World Fish CenterWater Te
Page 122 and 123: Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequ
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Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequ
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Report to:WorldFish CenterAbundance
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Abundance, Size Structure and Quali
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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1. Governance and political stabili
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Despite its present weaknesses, eff
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payments, but the authorities have
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to recede and presumably vanish und
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outcome is far from certain. There
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existing links, at locations within
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6. Forms of co-investment6.1 Partne
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8. Taxation and incentives8.1 Direc
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10. Labour laws10.1 Foreign workers
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GILLETT, PRESTON AND ASSOCIATES INC
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Page 21. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPearl far
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Page 42. BACKGROUNDPast research su
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Page 6million; in 2002, it exported
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Page 8the bead in an even, uniform
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Page 10alternative products. Most m
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Page 12fisheries-related activities
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Page 144.3. PolicyThe current gover
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5.2. Stocking densityPage 16Mature
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Page 18or harmful fouling organisms
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Page 20In addition to licensing und
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Page 22Much of this work will have
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Page 24provide them with technical
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Page 26management, disease control,
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Page 28Ministry of Development Plan
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Page 30‘seeding’ means the impl
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Page 326. Provision of statistical
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Page 3414. Aggrieved person may app
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Page 36Division V. Importation, mov
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Page 38(2) Separate fees are payabl
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Page 40Other forms of government su
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Page 42Solomon IslandsPEARL FARMING
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