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Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequency in the Pacific: Implications for Pearl Farming Final, June 20081.0 INTRODUCTIONThe European Union has recently funded a project entitled ‘Stimulating investment in pearlfarming in Solomon Islands’. The primary objective of this project is to provide offshorepearl companies with sufficient information to determine the potential for long-terminvestment in pearl farming in the Solomon Islands. Information on the following aspects iscurrently being compiled for this project:• Publications on the availability and culture of black-lip (Pinctada margaritifera) pearloysters in the Solomon Islands;• Availability and quality of silver-lip (Pinctada maxima) pearl oyster resources in theSolomon Islands;• Availability of suitable habitats and environmental conditions for the growth of black-lipand silver-lip pearl oysters in the Solomon Islands and pearl-producing regions of theSouth Pacific;• The investment climate in the Solomon Islands;• Policy guidelines for the development of environmentally and financially sustainablepearl farming in the Solomon Islands; and• Offshore pearl companies most likely to consider investing in pearl farming in theSolomon Islands.In February 2007, The World Fish Center commissioned The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd to providea number of consultancy services for the EU project, including preparation of the followingreport on water temperatures and cyclone frequencies, in terms of advantages anddisadvantages for pearl farming in the Solomon Islands with other locations in the Pacific,specifically French Polynesia, Cook Islands, Australia, Fiji, Vanuata and Papua New Guinea.The search for information from Australian waters has been limited to areas in which blacklipand silver-lip pearl oysters occur. This area extends from Champion Bay (29° S) inWestern Australia across the northern coast of Australia to Moreton Bay (28° S) in southernQueensland in the case of black-lip pearl oysters and from 25° S on the west coast across thenorthern coast to 20° S on the east coast for silver-lip oysters (Hynd 1955; Gervis and Sims1992).Knowledge of sea temperature ranges at various locations would be advantageous tooffshore pearl companies, because temperature influences the rate of deposition of nacre onoyster shells and implanted nuclei (Cahn 1949; Watabe 1952; Alagarswami 1975 in Gervisand Sims 1992), as well as reproductive development, spawning activity, survival,recruitment, growth, condition and health of cultured stocks (Gervis and Sims 1992;Department of Fisheries, Western Australia 2002; Pass et al. 1987). Knowledge of regionaldifferences in cyclone activity is also important, because the various phenomena associatedwith cyclones can damage pearl farms and associated infrastructure. They should also beaware of the potential impacts global warming may have on sea temperatures and tropicalcyclone activity.The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 1
Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequency in the Pacific: Implications for Pearl Farming Final, June 20082.0 SEA TEMPERATURES2.1 IntroductionBlack-lip pearl oysters occur across a wide latitudinal and longitudinal range, having beenrecorded in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, eastern Mediterranean and Ryukyu Archipelago(Gervis and Sims 1992). Silver-lip pearl oysters are restricted in their geographicdistribution to tropical waters in the central Indo-Pacific region. The different geographicdistributions of these species suggest that their optimum temperature ranges are also likelyto differ markedly. The only available information about the optimum temperature rangesof black-lip and silver-lip pearl oysters comes from studies done off the Great Barrier Reefon the north-east coast of Australia (Doroudi et al 1999; Yukihira et. al. 2000). The optimaltemperature ranges reported in these studies may not be applicable throughout the speciesgeographic ranges, particularly if the responses of black-lip and silver-lip pearl oysters totemperature vary with latitude.Doroudi et al. (1999) noted that normal development of black-lip oyster embryos occurredonly between 25 °C and 30 °C, that growth of larvae was optimal between 26 °C and 29 °Cand that temperatures greater than 35 °C were lethal for larvae. Survival of larvae wasgreatest, but growth was slow, close to 20 °C, the lowest temperature examined.Yukihira et al. (2000) found that the clearance rate, absorption efficiency, amount of energyabsorbed, respiration rate, excretion and hence Scope for Growth (i.e. energy available tosexually mature animals for growth and reproduction) of black-lip and silver-lip pearloysters were much lower at 19 °C than between 23 °C and 32 °C. The clearance rate andamount of energy absorbed by black-lip oysters declined between 28 °C and 32 °C, but thatof silver-lip oysters remained fairly constant. The increase in absorption efficiency of blacklippearl oysters was less marked that of silver-lip pearl oysters between 19 °C and 32 °C.The respiration rate of black-lip pearl oysters increased markedly between 28 °C and 32 °C,whereas that of silver-lip pearl oysters only increased slightly over this range. Black-lipoysters excreted less energy than silver-lip oysters over this temperature range. Hightemperatures had a marked effect on the rate of ammonia excretion in both species. TheScope for Growth of black-lip pearl oysters was adversely affected by both low (19 °C) andhigh (32 °C) temperatures, whereas that of silver-lip oysters was affected mostly by lowtemperatures. On the basis of these results, Yukihira et al. (2000) concluded that the optimaltemperature ranges for black-lip and silver-lip oysters were 23-28 °C and 23-32 °C,respectively. This implies that silver-lip pearl oysters may be better suited to culture intropical latitudes, such as Solomon Islands, than black-lip pearl oysters or in shallow areaswhere temperatures are more variable.2.2 Measurement of Sea Surface TemperatureThe temperature of the sea surface (SST) can be measured in situ by either dipping athermometer into a bucket of water drawn manually from the sea surface, measuring thetemperature of water in the intake port of large ships or using electrical temperature probesdeployed at a specific depth on fixed or drifting buoys (Reddy 2001). The most exact andrepeatable measurements come from fixed buoys equipped with robust electricaltemperature probes located at a particular depth (e.g. 1 m) below the water surface (NOAACoastal Services Centre undated). In situ temperature measurements have two majorshortcomings: the spatial coverage of the data is limited and there may be considerableThe Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 2
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Stimulating investment in pearlfarm
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Appendix IAppendix IIAppendix IIIAp
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various project elements to describ
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PNGSolomon IsPNGCook IsVanuatuFijiF
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Figure 2. Typical coastal habitat f
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to work alongside WorldFish science
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least two weeks before the main sur
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duration of the dive, maximum botto
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3.7 Natural disastersEnvironmental
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• Legislative review is underway
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− Manning Strait islands− Suava
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incentive treatment that fits the l
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continuing to enter the market. Thi
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Provisions for further aquaculture
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• licences will relate to a parti
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species in Australia are 5 - 10 tim
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6.3 Investor’s recommendations fo
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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Summary• Historically, the blackl
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1. IntroductionBlacklip pearl oyste
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3. Nationwide surveysIn May-June 20
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10 spat collectors were attached at
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On a local scale, it was found that
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3025Normalised catch201510500 2 4 6
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30Spat collector -125201510a. NoroL
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Figure 10. The number of Cymatium,
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Figure 11. Intermediate culture tra
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% survival10090HatcheryWild80706050
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Thus, under the regime developed in
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7.3 Retention and mortality after s
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7.5 Seeding of hatchery-produced sp
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have used average values of $25, $3
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9. ReferencesBraley, R.D. 1997. Fin
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depend mainly on the quality of the
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Report to:World Fish CenterSuitabil
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Suitability of Habitats for Growth
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Page 77 and 78: Suitability of Habitats for Growth
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Abundance, Size Structure and Quali
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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1. Governance and political stabili
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Despite its present weaknesses, eff
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payments, but the authorities have
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to recede and presumably vanish und
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outcome is far from certain. There
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existing links, at locations within
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6. Forms of co-investment6.1 Partne
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8. Taxation and incentives8.1 Direc
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10. Labour laws10.1 Foreign workers
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GILLETT, PRESTON AND ASSOCIATES INC
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Page 21. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPearl far
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Page 42. BACKGROUNDPast research su
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Page 6million; in 2002, it exported
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Page 8the bead in an even, uniform
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Page 10alternative products. Most m
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Page 12fisheries-related activities
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Page 144.3. PolicyThe current gover
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5.2. Stocking densityPage 16Mature
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Page 18or harmful fouling organisms
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Page 20In addition to licensing und
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Page 22Much of this work will have
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Page 24provide them with technical
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Page 26management, disease control,
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Page 28Ministry of Development Plan
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Page 30‘seeding’ means the impl
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Page 326. Provision of statistical
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Page 3414. Aggrieved person may app
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Page 36Division V. Importation, mov
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Page 38(2) Separate fees are payabl
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Page 40Other forms of government su
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Page 42Solomon IslandsPEARL FARMING
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