Stimulating investment in pearl farming in ... - World Fish Center

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Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequency in the Pacific: Implications for Pearl Farming Final, June 2008these waters. On the basis of our current knowledge, it is not possible to say whether the seatemperature regime in Solomon Islands would be more advantageous for pearl farming thanthat in the other South Pacific nations considered.4.2 Risk of Damage to Pearl Farms from Tropical CyclonesAs the South Pacific region (east of 160°) usually experiences fewer tropical cyclones thanthe Australian region, the risk of damage to pearl farms and associated infrastructure is alsolikely to be smaller. The risk of cyclone damage also differs across the South Pacific region,being 60%, 50%, 30%, 15% and 10% for Vanuatu, Fiji, southern Cook Islands, FrenchPolynesia and the Solomon Islands, respectively (NIWA 1997). It is, however, important tonote that in a widespread nation, such as French Polynesia, the risk of cyclones varies acrossthe archipelagos and that the risk of cyclones within the Australian/South-West PacificBasin also depends on the ENSO phenomenon. For example, during El Niño years, the riskof cyclones in the Southern Cook Islands and French Polynesia increases to 75% and 50%,respectively, remains at 50% in Fiji, but decreases to 40% in Vanuatu and 10% in theSolomon Islands. The risk of tropical cyclones also declines in the Australian region(Nicholls 1984).If the strength or frequency of El Niño events increases, as is predicted with global warming,the easterly shift in tropical cyclone activity in the South Pacific region is likely to becomethe norm rather than an occasional event. Tropical cyclones are also expected to persist forlonger and travel further south before they lose energy and decay. The low-lying nature ofmany of the islands in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia means that they arevulnerable not only to overtopping by storm surges and extreme wave action generated bycyclones, but also to sea-level rise associated with global warming. The pearl farmindustries in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia are both known to have been adverselyimpacted by cyclones in recent decades (Ponia et al. 2000; UNESCAP 2000). In the future,they are likely to be impacted not only by cyclone activity, but also by sea-level rise.Although impacts from cyclones are periodic, it may be wise to establish new pearl farms innations, where the risk of damage from natural disasters and climate change is smaller.Whilst cyclones are less frequent in Solomon Islands than in most pearl farming areas, it isnot possible, on the basis of our current knowledge, to determine whether pearl farmingwould be more advantageous there than in other South Pacific nations.Due consideration should also be given to ways of avoiding or minimizing damage to pearlfarms. The development of better advance cyclone warning systems, for example, couldenable farmers to move longlines into deeper water and bring portable equipment ashorebefore weather and sea conditions deteriorate. It may also be possible to cyclone proof subsurfacefarm infrastructure by using better attachments or “bunching up” longlines on thelagoon floor to reduce impacts from surges.4.3 Overall ConclusionsIn the South Pacific region, the identification of potential culture sites for black-lip andsilver-pearl pearl oysters is currently hindered by the lack of information on latitudinaldifferences in their optimal temperature ranges and the general lack of easily-accessibleinformation on prevailing sea temperatures. Whilst sea temperature and cyclone frequencyare important, they are only two of a range of environmental factors that could influenceproduction of pearl oysters. The identification of potential culture sites should also be basedon a sound knowledge of fluctuations in a number of other environmental parameters,The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 17
Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequency in the Pacific: Implications for Pearl Farming Final, June 2008particularly food and silt levels, plus an appreciation of the vulnerability of different areas toother environmental hazards, particularly earthquakes, tsunamis, sea-level rise, volcaniceruptions and large-scale pollution events. As a number of variables operating over spatialscales ranging from regional to site-specific determine the suitability of a location for pearlfarming, it is impossible, given our current state of knowledge, to say whether any onevariable confers a significant advantage or disadvantage for a particular location.The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies Page 18
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Stimulating investment in pearlfarm
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Appendix IAppendix IIAppendix IIIAp
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various project elements to describ
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PNGSolomon IsPNGCook IsVanuatuFijiF
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Figure 2. Typical coastal habitat f
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to work alongside WorldFish science
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least two weeks before the main sur
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duration of the dive, maximum botto
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3.7 Natural disastersEnvironmental
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• Legislative review is underway
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− Manning Strait islands− Suava
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incentive treatment that fits the l
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continuing to enter the market. Thi
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Provisions for further aquaculture
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• licences will relate to a parti
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species in Australia are 5 - 10 tim
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6.3 Investor’s recommendations fo
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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Summary• Historically, the blackl
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1. IntroductionBlacklip pearl oyste
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3. Nationwide surveysIn May-June 20
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10 spat collectors were attached at
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On a local scale, it was found that
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3025Normalised catch201510500 2 4 6
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30Spat collector -125201510a. NoroL
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Figure 10. The number of Cymatium,
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Figure 11. Intermediate culture tra
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% survival10090HatcheryWild80706050
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Thus, under the regime developed in
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7.3 Retention and mortality after s
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7.5 Seeding of hatchery-produced sp
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have used average values of $25, $3
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9. ReferencesBraley, R.D. 1997. Fin
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depend mainly on the quality of the
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Report to:World Fish CenterSuitabil
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Suitability of Habitats for Growth
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Page 94 and 95: Suitability of Habitats for Growth
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Abundance, Size Structure and Quali
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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1. Governance and political stabili
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Despite its present weaknesses, eff
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payments, but the authorities have
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to recede and presumably vanish und
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outcome is far from certain. There
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existing links, at locations within
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6. Forms of co-investment6.1 Partne
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8. Taxation and incentives8.1 Direc
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10. Labour laws10.1 Foreign workers
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GILLETT, PRESTON AND ASSOCIATES INC
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Page 21. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPearl far
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Page 42. BACKGROUNDPast research su
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Page 6million; in 2002, it exported
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Page 8the bead in an even, uniform
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Page 10alternative products. Most m
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Page 12fisheries-related activities
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Page 144.3. PolicyThe current gover
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5.2. Stocking densityPage 16Mature
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Page 18or harmful fouling organisms
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Page 20In addition to licensing und
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Page 22Much of this work will have
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Page 24provide them with technical
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Page 26management, disease control,
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Page 28Ministry of Development Plan
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Page 30‘seeding’ means the impl
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Page 326. Provision of statistical
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Page 3414. Aggrieved person may app
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Page 36Division V. Importation, mov
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Page 38(2) Separate fees are payabl
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Page 40Other forms of government su
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Page 42Solomon IslandsPEARL FARMING
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