Stimulating investment in pearl farming in ... - World Fish Center

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Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl Oysters Final, June 20084.7 Vanuatu ....................................................................................................................................194.8 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................205.0 The Effect of Habitat on Culture of Pearl Oysters..................................................................215.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................215.2 Collection of Wild Spat ..........................................................................................................215.2.1 General...............................................................................................................................215.2.2 Black-lip Pearl Oysters ....................................................................................................215.2.3 Silver-lip Pearl Oysters....................................................................................................235.3 Intermediate Grow-out of Juveniles.....................................................................................235.3.1 General...............................................................................................................................235.3.2 Black-lip Pearl Oysters ....................................................................................................235.3.3 Silver-lip Pearl Oysters....................................................................................................245.4 Ongrowing of Adult Pearl Oysters.......................................................................................245.4.1 Black-lip Pearl Oysters ....................................................................................................245.4.2 Silver-lip Pearl Oysters....................................................................................................256.0 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................266.1 Black-lip pearl oysters ............................................................................................................266.2 Silver-lip pearl oysters............................................................................................................268.0 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................289.0 References ....................................................................................................................................29Tables ...................................................................................................................................................34Figures .................................................................................................................................................37The Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater Studies
Suitability of Habitats for Growth of Black-Lip and Silver-Lip Pearl Oysters Final, June 2008SUMMARYBackgroundThe European Union has funded a project entitled ‘Stimulating investment in pearl farmingin the Solomon Islands’. The objective of this project is to provide offshore pearl companieswith sufficient information to determine the potential for long-term investment in pearlfarming in the Solomon Islands. The World Fish Centre sub-contracted The Ecology Lab Ptyto prepare a report comparing coral reef lagoons and habitats suitable for growing black-lip(Pinctada margaritifera) and white-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima) in the Solomon Islandswith several other locations in the Pacific, for this project. The conclusions drawn about thesuitability of coral reef habitats in these regions are based on existing information about theenvironmental needs of each species, the environmental conditions prevailing at farmlocations, the different types of coral reef and lagoon habitats in the specified regions andtheir prevailing environmental conditions and the influence of the natural environment onthe various culture phases.Environmental needs of pearl oystersThe physiology, survival and productivity of bivalves is known to vary with temperature,salinity, type of substratum, depth of the water column, silt load, water currents, primaryproductivity and pollution. The response of black-lip and silver-lip pearl oysters tofluctuations in these environmental factors, however, is poorly documented. Experimentalstudies in Australian waters indicate that adult silver-lip pearl oysters are less tolerant oflower temperatures but more tolerant of high temperatures and are capable of coping with awider range of food concentrations and more turbid conditions than their black-lipcounterparts. This implies that they may be cultured under a greater variety ofenvironmental conditions. It should, however, be noted that spat, juveniles and adults mayexhibit different responses to these environmental factors and that the physiologicalresponses of these species may vary across their latitudinal range. The review also suggeststhat little is known about the environmental conditions under which natural populations ofblack-lip and silver-lip pearl oysters grow in the South Pacific region. Most of theinformation obtained about the environmental needs of pearl oysters came from Australia orFrench Polynesia.Environmental conditions at existing pearl farmsThe most productive black pearl farms are located in atoll lagoons in French Polynesia andthe Cook Islands. Considerable information is available about the environmental conditionsin their vicinity of some of these farms. These lagoons differ markedly in total surface area,depth and degree of exchange with the ocean. The feasibility of establishing farms in othercoral reef habitats has been investigated in Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, andcommercial farms have since been established in Fiji and Australia. The farms in Australiautilize juvenile pearl oysters from hatcheries, whereas those elsewhere are based on wildspat or stock. Little information is available about the environmental conditions at thesefarms. The paucity of information on environmental conditions prevailing in SolomonIslands relative to Cook Islands and French Polynesia precludes an assessment of whetherconditions for pearl farming would be comparable.Silver-lip pearl oysters are currently being farmed in the northern part of Western Australia,Northern Territory, Queensland, Torres Strait Islands and in a few areas of Papua NewGuinea. The silver pearl industries in West Australia and Queensland are based primarilyon the collection of wild oysters and hatchery-derived spat, respectively. The industry inThe Ecology Lab Pty Ltd – Marine and Freshwater StudiesPage i
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Stimulating investment in pearlfarm
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Appendix IAppendix IIAppendix IIIAp
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various project elements to describ
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PNGSolomon IsPNGCook IsVanuatuFijiF
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Figure 2. Typical coastal habitat f
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to work alongside WorldFish science
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least two weeks before the main sur
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duration of the dive, maximum botto
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3.7 Natural disastersEnvironmental
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• Legislative review is underway
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Page 23 and 24: incentive treatment that fits the l
Page 25 and 26: continuing to enter the market. Thi
Page 27 and 28: Provisions for further aquaculture
Page 29 and 30: • licences will relate to a parti
Page 31 and 32: species in Australia are 5 - 10 tim
Page 33 and 34: 6.3 Investor’s recommendations fo
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Page 37 and 38: Summary• Historically, the blackl
Page 39 and 40: 1. IntroductionBlacklip pearl oyste
Page 41 and 42: 3. Nationwide surveysIn May-June 20
Page 43 and 44: 10 spat collectors were attached at
Page 45 and 46: On a local scale, it was found that
Page 47 and 48: 3025Normalised catch201510500 2 4 6
Page 49 and 50: 30Spat collector -125201510a. NoroL
Page 51 and 52: Figure 10. The number of Cymatium,
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Page 55 and 56: % survival10090HatcheryWild80706050
Page 57 and 58: Thus, under the regime developed in
Page 59 and 60: 7.3 Retention and mortality after s
Page 61 and 62: 7.5 Seeding of hatchery-produced sp
Page 63 and 64: have used average values of $25, $3
Page 65 and 66: 9. ReferencesBraley, R.D. 1997. Fin
Page 67 and 68: depend mainly on the quality of the
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Water Temperature and Cyclone Frequ
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Report to:WorldFish CenterAbundance
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Report on an EU project grant to th
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1. Governance and political stabili
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Despite its present weaknesses, eff
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payments, but the authorities have
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to recede and presumably vanish und
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outcome is far from certain. There
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existing links, at locations within
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6. Forms of co-investment6.1 Partne
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8. Taxation and incentives8.1 Direc
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10. Labour laws10.1 Foreign workers
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GILLETT, PRESTON AND ASSOCIATES INC
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Page 21. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPearl far
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Page 42. BACKGROUNDPast research su
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Page 6million; in 2002, it exported
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Page 8the bead in an even, uniform
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Page 10alternative products. Most m
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Page 12fisheries-related activities
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Page 144.3. PolicyThe current gover
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5.2. Stocking densityPage 16Mature
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Page 18or harmful fouling organisms
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Page 20In addition to licensing und
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Page 22Much of this work will have
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Page 24provide them with technical
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Page 26management, disease control,
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Page 28Ministry of Development Plan
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Page 30‘seeding’ means the impl
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Page 326. Provision of statistical
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Page 3414. Aggrieved person may app
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Page 36Division V. Importation, mov
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Page 38(2) Separate fees are payabl
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Page 40Other forms of government su
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Page 42Solomon IslandsPEARL FARMING
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