User's Manual - Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Cornell University

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Appendix B: Introduction to Spectrum Analysis100000RectangularBartlettHanningHammingBlackmanFilterbandwidth(Hz)1000010001001016 pointspoints3264128256512102420484096819216384 ptsFramelength110 20 30 40 50 60Sidelobe rejection (dB)Figure B.16. Filter bandwidths corresponding to different frame lengths for each ofCanary’s five window functions, in order of the windows’ increasing sideloberejection, given a sample rate of 22.3 kHz.210 Canary 1.2 User’s Manual
Appendix B: Introduction to Spectrum AnalysisFor further readingThe books and articles listed below can provide entry at several levels into the vast literature onspectrum analysis and digital signal processing.Beecher, M. D. 1988. Spectrographic analysis of animal vocalizations: Implications of the“uncertainty principle.” Bioacoustics 1:(1): 187-207.Includes a discussion of choosing an “optimum” filter bandwidth for the analysis offrequency-modulated bioacoustic signals.Cohen, L. 1995. Time-frequency analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Hlawatsch, F. and G.F. Boudreaux-Bartels. 1992. Linear and quadratic time-requency signalrepresentations. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 9(2): 21-67.A technical overview and comparison of the properties of a variety of time-frequencyrepresentations (including spectrograms), written for engineers.Jaffe, D. A. 1987. Spectrum analysis tutorial. Part 1: The Discrete Fourier Transform; Part 2:Properties and applications of the Discrete Fourier Transform. Computer Music Journal,11(3): 9-35.An excellent introduction to the foundations of digital spectrum analysis. These tutorialsassume no mathematics beyond high school algebra, trigonometry, and geometry. Moreadvanced mathematical tools (e.g., vector and complex number manipulations) aredeveloped as needed in these articles.Marler, P. 1969. Tonal quality of bird sounds. In: Bird Vocalizations: Their Relation to CurrentProblems in Biology and Psychology (ed. R. A. Hinde), pp. 5-18. Cambridge University Press.Includes an excellent qualitative discussion of how the time and frequency analysisresolution of a spectrum analyzer interact with signal characteristics to affect the“appearance” of a sound either as a spectrogram or as an acoustic sensation.Oppenheim, A.V. and Schafer, R.W. 1975. Digital Signal Processing. Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodCliffs, NJ. xiv + 585 p.A classic reference, written principally for engineers.Rabiner, L.R. and Gold, B. 1975. Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing. Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ. xv + 762 p.Another classic engineering reference.Yost, W.A. and Nielsen, D.W. 1985. Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction. 2d ed. Holt,Rinehart and Winston, New York. x + 269 p.A good general text on human hearing that includes some discussion of the elementaryphysics of sound and an appendix that introduces basic concepts of Fourier analysis.Canary 1.2 User’s Manual 211
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CanaryThe Cornell Bioacoustics Work
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ContentsPreface Welcome to Canary 1
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The recording buffer; recording tim
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Chapter 6 Measurements ............
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Dialog fields, checkboxes, and butt
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Preface Welcome to Canary 1.2What C
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedSpectrum
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedSoftwareC
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Chapter 1Getting StartedAbout this
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedFigure 1.
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedPlaying b
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Chapter 1: Getting Startedspectrogr
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedAdjusting
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedZooming i
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedIf you se
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedCouplingo
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedSaving lo
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Chapter 1: Getting Started(a)(b)Fig
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedWhen more
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Chapter 1: Getting StartedRecording
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Chapter 2Signal AcquisitionAbout th
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Chapter 2: Signal AcquisitionOption
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Chapter 2: Signal AcquisitionSettin
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Chapter 2: Signal AcquisitionContin
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Chapter 3Spectrum AnalysisAbout thi
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Chapter 3: Spectrum AnalysisAnalysi
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Chapter 3: Spectrum AnalysisGrid re
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Chapter 3: Spectrum AnalysisRemembe
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Chapter 3: Spectrum AnalysisTime an
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Chapter 4Signal Amplitude Calibrati
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Chapter 5: Multi-track DocumentsThe
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Chapter 6MeasurementsAbout this cha
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Chapter 6: MeasurementsThe radio bu
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Chapter 6: Measurementscorrelated,
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Chapter 6: MeasurementsAmplitude Fl
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⎛⎜⎜⎝t 2∑f 2∑t=t 1 f = f
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Chapter 7: Correlation(a)(b)(c)peak
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Chapter 7: CorrelationFigure 7.4. T
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Chapter 8Preferences and OptionsAbo
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Chapter 9: Printing and Graphics Ex
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Chapter 10: File FormatsTable 10.1.
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Chapter 10: File FormatsWhen saving
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Chapter 11Batch ProcessingAbout thi
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Chapter 11: Batch ProcessingInput s
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Chapter 11: Batch ProcessingFigure
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Page 197 and 198: Appendix A Digital Representation o
Page 199 and 200: Appendix A: Digital Sound(a)(b)Figu
Page 201: Appendix A: Digital SoundSan Franci
Page 204 and 205: Appendix B: Introduction to Spectru
Page 223 and 224: Appendix C Sound Amplitude Measurem
Page 225 and 226: Appendix C: Sound Amplitude Measure
Page 227: c = 331.4 1 + T273Appendix C: Sound
Page 230 and 231: Appendix D: TroubleshootingFigure D
Page 232 and 233: Appendix D: Troubleshooting4. Quit
Page 234 and 235: Appendix D: TroubleshootingNote: Th
Page 236 and 237: Appendix D: Troubleshootinghardware
Page 239 and 240: Appendix F Using the Macintosh Buil
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Page 244 and 245: Energy measurement in the spectrogr
Page 246 and 247: Figure 1: Atypical plot of [i] 2 ,
Page 248 and 249: whereN f ;1X= n=0N2 X;1k=0XN= E ~
Page 250 and 251: Normalized correlationsCanary's nor
Page 252 and 253: in power or energy. The conversion
Page 254 and 255: Impedance parameter,. see Calibrati
Page 256 and 257: SoundEdit, 143, 185 Impedance, 69Te
Page 258 and 259: Paste command (Edit menu), 26, 160R
Page 260 and 261: hard-copy, 133 magnitude, 194FFT si
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User's Manual - Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Cornell University

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