A01.031.0.pdf

province d'Achaïe", in: O. Salomies (ed.), The
Greek East in the Roman context. Proceedings of a
colloquiun organised by the Finnish Institue at
Athens, May 21 and 22, 1999 (Helsinki 2001) 37-49.
On the privileges of duumviri in colonies (comparable
with those of Roman senators), see P. Garnsey,
Social status and legal privilege in the Roman
empire (Oxford 1970) 242-245.
29. H. Tapio, Organisation of Roman brick production
in the lrst and 2nd cent. A.D. (Helsinki 1975)
24; J.J. Aubert, "Workshop managers", in: W.V.
Harris (ed.), The inscribed economy: production and
distribution in the Roman empire in the light of
'instrumentum domesticum'(Ann Arbor 1993) 171-
181. On lamps of Patrai and Corinth and similar
problems to those discussed here, see the interesting
treatment of M. Petropoulos, Τα εργαστήρια των
ρωμαϊκών λυχναριών της Πάτρας και το
Αυχνομαντείο (Athens 1999) 108-110.
30. This method alone allows for an understanding of
each text and its geographical, archaeological and historical
context; on this point, see the relevant
remarks by L. Robert, in: Actes du Vile congrès
international de l'épigraphie grecque et latine,
Constanza 1977 (Bucharest 1979)41-42 and 188-189.
31. I. Kajanto, "The emergence of the late single
name system", in: L'Onomastique latine, 421-445.
These names are cited only if they have a definitely
Latin origin. Only names of governors or high officials
are excluded from this rule.
32. Cf. For examples from Delphi see G. Daux, AJPh
100, 1979, 18-29 and from Sparta, H. Box, JRS 22,
1932, 181-182; cf. also G. Alföldy, "Notes sur les
relations entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature
dans l'Empire romain", Latomus 25, 1966, 45
(examples from Noricum).
33. The full onomastic formula in Latin
(praenomen+nomen+filiation+ tribu) without cognomen
is found in earlier texts, usually those from
Roman colonies. The gradual appearance of the cognomen
begins in the early empire and becomes common
coinage by the middle of the first century A.D.
From the second century after Christ a pr
ogressive decline in the use of the praenomen is
observable, while the nomen and cognomen are
retained. Finally, after Constantine nomina simplicia
predominate: see O. Salomies, Die römischen
Vornamen. Studien zur römischen Namengebung
(Helsinki 1987) 346-413. The imperial nomina provide
a terminus post quem for the dating, while some
GENERAL INTRODUCTION: NOTES
47
cognomina are characteristic of certain ages (e.g.
Christian names appear for the most part after
Diocletian); cf. G. Alföldy, Die Personennamen in
der römischen Provinz Dalmatia (Heidelberg 1969)
Introduction 28-30; B.M. Wilkinson, The names of
children in Roman imperial epitaphs. A study of
social conditions in the lower classes (Ann Arbor
1961) 16-35; A.D. Rizakis, in: Roman onomastics,
17-23.
34. The language of older funerary formulas - even
in Latin - from the end of the republican period and
the beginning of the empire was laconic, while from
the end of the first century it becomes more elaborate
in imitation of Latin practice, so that we find
additional expressions that refer mainly to the monument
dedicator or even to other family members,
and expressions revealing the age of the deceased.
The emphasis on age characterizes Roman funerary
expression, but not traditional Greek (K.K. Éry,
"Investigations on the demographic source value of
tombstones originating from the Roman period",
Alba Regia 10, 1969,51-68). The most characteristic
feature of Roman funerary epigraphy is the presence
of the dedicator, known as the commemorator,
found on approximately 80% of the monuments in
the West: cf. Β. Shaw, "Latin funerary epigraphy and
family relations in the later Roman empire",
Historia 33, 1984, 457-97, esp. 463 n.16. Cf. E.A.
Meyer, "Explaining the epigraphie habit in the
Roman empire. The evidence of epitaphs", JRS 80,
1990, 75; cf. also R. Sailer, in J. Bodel, op. cit. 97-
100; B.M. Wilkinson, The names of children in
Roman imperial epitaphs. A study of social conditions
in the lower classes (Ann Arbor 1961) 36-54.
On this phenomenon in the Roman province of
Macedonia, see A.D. Rizakis and I. Touratsoglou,
"Mors Macedonica. Ο θάνατος στα επιτύμβια
μνημεία της Ανω Μακεδονίας", ΑΕ 139,2000,237-
281 and in Achaia, especially in the colony of Patrai,
see A.D. Rizakis, Achaïe II, 74-77. Helpful in the
dating of funerary monuments is the presence of epithets
refering to the ethical virtues of the deceased,
or expressions that are characteristic of funerary
inscriptions - mainly the Latin ones - belonging to a
certain era.
35. A systematic attempt to classify and date funerary
monuments on the basis of their type, typology
and decoration can be found in the corpus of Patrai:
Rizakis, Achaïe II, 64-74; on the difficulties of dating
by paleography, see Rizakis, op. cit., 14-17