Racism - A Short History - George M Fredrickson.pdf - WNLibrary

NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1. See, for example, George Reid Andrews, Blacks and Whites
in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988 (Madison, 1991); and France Winddance
Twine, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of
White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, N.J., 1998).
2. For a fuller discussion of the concept of racism in historical
discourse and historiography, see the appendix to this volume.
3. See Uli Linke, Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of
Race (Philadelphia, 1999).
4. John Solomos and Les Back, Racism and Society (Houndsmills,
Basingstoke, 1996), 18–19, 213.
5. Pierre-André Taguieff, La force du préjugé: Essai sur le
racisme et ses doubles (Paris, 1987), 62–63.
6. Joel Kovel, White Racism: A Psychohistory (New York, 1970),
31–32 and passim. For some nineteenth-century expressions of the
exclusionary or aversive attitude toward the black presence, see
George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate
on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (Middletown,
Conn., 1987; orig. pub. 1971), 130–164, 228–255, and passim.
7. See Kosaku Yoshino, “The Discourse on Blood and Racial
Identity in Contemporary Japan,” in The Construction of Racial Identity
in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed.
Frank Dikötter (London, 1997), 199–211.