Racism - A Short History - George M Fredrickson.pdf - WNLibrary

22. See Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the
Jews (New York, 1968), 280–313; Cohen, The French Encounter, 84–
85; and Pierre Pluchon, Nègres et juifs au XVIIIe siècle: Le racisme au
siècle des lumières (Paris, 1984), 69–71.
23. On Voltaire’s views on slavery, which were not entirely
consistent, see David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western
Culture (Ithaca, 1966), 392n, 401–402. The plight of black slaves is,
of course, portrayed sympathetically in Candide. Myownviewof
Voltaire has been influenced by Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: The
Rise of Modern Paganism (New York, 1966), and by Gay’s essay, “Voltaire’s
Anti-Semitism,” in The Party of Humanity: Essays in the
French Enlightenment (New York, 1964), 97–108.
24. Anthony J. Barker, The African Link: British Attitudes to the
Negro in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1550–1807 (London,
1978), 46–48, 163–177; Michael Banton, Racial Theories, 2ded.
(Cambridge, Eng., 1998), 27; Seymour Drescher, From Slavery to
Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery
(Houndsmills, Basingstoke, 1999), 285.
25. On how the British evangelical movement offered effective
resistance to biological racism during the first third of the nineteenth
century, see Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British
Ideas and Action, 1780–1850 (Madison, 1964), 229–243.
26. Katz, Out of the Ghetto, 196–197.
27. Augstein, Race, 86–88.
28. Drescher, From Slavery to Freedom, 291–300.
29. See George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White
Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914
(Middletown, Conn., 1987; orig. pub. 1971), chap. 3; and William R.
Stanton, The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in
America, 1815–1859 (Chicago, 1960).
30. Quoted in Drescher, From Slavery to Freedom, 291. See also
Poliakov, Aryan Myth, 224–230.
31. Poliakov, Aryan Myth, 182; Augstein, Race, 162–180. The
American translation by J. H. Guenebault that is reprinted by
Augstein has obviously been edited by the translator, as clearly re-
179