Racism - A Short History - George M Fredrickson.pdf - WNLibrary

12. Miraculous tales in which the direct intercession of the
Virgin dissolved the pact that a repentant sinner had previously
made with Satan suggest that no one was considered totally beyond
redemption by medieval Christians, but such rare exceptions
tended to prove the rule of Jewish irredeemability more than they
contradicted it.
13. This point will be addressed more fully in the comparison
of modern antisemitism and white supremacy in chap. 2.
14. Langmuir, Toward a Definition, 100–133; Chazan, Medieval
Stereotypes, 90–91.
15. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization,
and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (Princeton, 1993), 239–240 and
passim.
16. Ibid., 237–239.
17. R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power
and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987).
18. Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward
the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968), 4–11; Jean Devisse,
The Image of the Black in Western Art, vol. 2, From the Early Christian
Era to the “Age of Discovery,” pt. 1, From the Demonic Threat to the Incarnation
of Sainthood (New York, 1979), passim.
19. Henri Baudet, Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European
Images of Non-European Man, trans. Elizabeth Wentholt (New
Haven, 1965).
20. John Block Friedman, The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art
and Thought (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 59–60, 64–65. See also
Snowden, Before Color Prejudice, 101–107.
21. Jean Devisse and Michel Mollat, The Image of the Black in
Western Art, vol. 2, pt. 2, Africans in the Christian Ordinance of the
World, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century (New York, 1979), 24–30, 90–
128; Jan Nederveen Pieterse, White on Black: Images of Africa and
Blacks in Western Popular Culture (New Haven, 1992), 24–25.
22. Devisse, Black in Western Art, vol. 2, pt. 1, 138, 158–205;
William Chester Jordan, “The Medieval Background,” in Struggles
in the Promised Land: Toward a History of Black-Jewish Relations in
the United States, ed. Jack Salzman and Cornel West (New York,
173