Racism - A Short History - George M Fredrickson.pdf - WNLibrary

spectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality (Middletown,
Conn., 1988), 189–205; and White Supremacy, 76–80. On seventeenth-century
Protestant doubts and rationalizations concerning
slavery, see David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
(Ithaca, 1966), 165–222, passim.
TWO The Rise of Modern Racism(s)
1. Léon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist
Ideas in Europe, trans. Edmund Howard (New York, 1996;
orig. pub. 1971), 130–144.
2. See Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution
of a Worldview (Boulder, 1993), 36–40, for a good account of
early use of the word “race.” The citation from the Spanish dictionary
is quoted on 38–39. On the mythic meanings attached to
blood and its transmission, see Uli Linke, Blood and Nation: The European
Aesthetics of Race (Philadelphia, 1999).
3. Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward
the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968), 97.
4. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic
World, 1400–1800, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Eng., 1992), 146–148;
George M. Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in
American and South African History (New York, 1981), 76–80. See
also T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes, “Myne Owne Ground”: Race
and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1640–1676 (New York,
1980).
5. J. Jean Hecht, Continental and Colonial Servants in Eighteenth
Century England (Northampton, Mass., 1954), 56; William B.
Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks,
1530–1880 (Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 112–113: Sue Peabody, “There
Are No Slaves in France”: The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in
the Ancien Régime (New York, 1996), 116–130.
6. David Sorkin, The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780–
1840 (New York, 1987), 43; Jacob Katz, Out of the Ghetto: The Social
Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770–1870 (Cambridge, Mass.,
1973), 28–29.
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