Racism - A Short History - George M Fredrickson.pdf - WNLibrary

3. Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca,
1989).
4. On the ideology of the civilizing mission and how it
worked against extreme or consistent racism, see Michael Adas,
Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of
Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989), especially 199–270.
5. The literature on Latin American race relations is enormous,
but especially relevant to our concerns are the comparative
perspectives on Brazil to be found in Anthony W. Marx, Making
Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and
Brazil (Cambridge, Eng., 1998); George Reid Andrews, Blacks and
Whites in S{{atilde}}o Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988 (Madison, 1991); and
Antonio Sérgio Alfredo Guimar{{atilde}}es, Racismo e anti-racismo
no Brasil (S{{atilde}}o Paulo, 1999).
6. Andrews, Blacks and Whites, 4.
7. See Bruce F. Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution: A History
of Austrian Anti-Semitism (Chapel Hill, 1992), 27–60.
8. Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, vol. 4, Suicidal
Europe, 1870–1933, trans. George Klim (New York, 1985), 127 and
67–134, passim.
9. This is a point effectively made by Cell in Highest Stage of
White Supremacy.
10. See Peter Warwick, Black People and the South African War,
1899–1902 (Cambridge, Eng., 1983).
11. Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and
Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, 1988), 63.
12. Ibid., 39.
13. Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men, 272–275.
14. On Knox, see Michael Banton, Racial Theories, 2ded.
(Cambridge, Eng., 1998), 73–74. On the curious case of Gobineau,
whose theoretical racism did not make him an imperialist, a defender
of slavery, or even an antisemite, see George L. Mosse, Toward
the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison,
1985; org. pub. 1978), 51–57. On anti-imperialism among radical
racists in the United States, see George M. Fredrickson, The Black
Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and
185