Racism - A Short History - George M Fredrickson.pdf - WNLibrary

NOTES to Pages 29–41
1997), 57. I disagree, however, with Jordan’s conclusion that such
positive images were outweighed by negative ones. I draw a different
conclusion from the work of Devisse, Pieterse, and others.
23. James H. Sweet, “The Iberian Roots of American Racist
Thought,” William and Mary Quarterly 54 (1997): 143–166.
24. Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (New
York, 1990), 44–45, 55; William McKee Evans, “From the Land of
Canaan to the Land of Guinea,” American Historical Review 85
(1980): 15–43.
25. Bernard Lewis, Race and Color in Islam (New York, 1971),
38, 64–65; Sweet, “Iberian Roots,” 157–164.
26. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic
World, 1400–1800, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Eng., 1992), 72–97.
27. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology,
and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989), 65–68,
and Thornton, Africa and Africans, 143–148.
28. Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, vol. 2, From
Mohammed to the Marranos, trans. Natalie Gerardi (New York,
1973), 116–145.
29. In an effort to induce conversos to return to the fold, Sephardic
Jewish writers later promulgated the doctrine that such
forced conversions did not represent true apostasy from Judaism
and were thus forgivable.
30. The fullest account of these developments is B. Netanyahu,
The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain (New
York, 1995). I gained insight into what the sheer numbers meant
from communications with Benjamin Braude.
31. A useful account of how the Inquisition dealt with those
of Jewish descent after the fifteenth century can be found in
Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision (London,
1997).
32. Netanyahu, Origins, 314–327; Kamen, Inquisition, 236–238
and passim.
33. Poliakov, History of Anti-Semitism, 2:181–182.
34. Netanyahu, Origins, 1052–1054; Kamen, Inquisition, 230–
254; Poliakov, History of Anti-Semitism, 2:170–232, 279–301. See also
174