Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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List of acronyms AGGRA AIC BBD BIC CARICOMP CREMP CDR CRW DHW FWC GCFI GCRMN GHRSST GIS I&M of NPS/SFCN Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Akaike Information Criterion Black Band Disease Bayesian Information Criterion Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program Coral Reef Evaluation and Monitoring Project NOAA Data Climate Record NOAA Coral Reef Watch Degree Heating Week Florida Fish and Wildlife Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Geographic Information System Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service/South Florida Caribbean Network International Coral Reef Initiative International Coral Reef Symposium International Union for the Conservation of Nature Multidimensional Scaling National Oceanographic and Atmospheric ICRI ICRS IUCN MDS NOAA Administration PCA Principal Component Analysis PC 1, 2, 3 Principle Component Axis 1, 2, and 3 R Software Program R, Version 2.15 (R Development Core Team 2011) SST WBD WPD Sea Surface Temperature White Band Disease White Pox Disease STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 111
PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES 1. INTRODUCTION Part II provides more detailed coverage of the status and trends of coral reefs in individual countries and territories with references to all the compiled sources of data. Each report contains 6 sections in a standardized format. 1. Geographic Information: Provided by the World Resource Institute (WRI) including length of coastline, land area, maritime area, local population size, reef area and number of MPAs. Updated statistics are included for certain countries based on research contributions. 2. Map of individual surveys: The maps indicate the location of survey data for corals and macroalgae only, based on geographical coordinates of individual studies. Points on the maps are numbered to correspond to a table listing data sources. Points are distributed at or near the actual geographic location with one label per buffered area. This labeling system is employed to avoid overlap and ease readability. Thus, the number of labels per dataset does not reflect the number of samples in that dataset, only the rough position of the surveys in a given area. Some map codes in the table are not always present in the map due to missing coordinates or other crucial metadata. Location labels correspond to those defined by this study. 3. Data sources: Summary tables listing all data sources with locations, survey dates, and numbers of years of data for percent cover of corals and macroalgae, density of Diadema, and numbers or biomass of fishes. All data provided to GCRMN staff with information on these metrics are included in the table. 4. Status and trends: This includes graphs of average changes in coral and macroalgal cover, abundance of Diadema, and biomass of parrotfishes and groupers based on quantitative surveys. Results presented are for depths 0-20.9 meters and are averages by dataset and location. LOESS smoothers were applied to the data, which is a weighted linear regression that incorporates adjacent values into the fit. The detail and number of the graphs depends on the geographic extent of each country and the amount of data available. Each data point is displayed with a number or letter corresponding to the map code in the table of data sources. Data for all four variables were not always available or usable from every country, in which case no graph is presented. The Caribbean regional average of each variable is drawn as a light gray line through every figure. Regional trends in coral and macroalgal cover exclude data collected from random stratified sampling programs that surveyed non-reef habitats. This was not an issue for Diadema abundance and fish biomass, 112 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
Page 61 and 62: Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
Page 63 and 64: 2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
Page 65 and 66: Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
Page 67 and 68: Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
Page 69 and 70: is, for example, for degree heating
Page 71 and 72: 1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
Page 73 and 74: Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
Page 75 and 76: CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
Page 77 and 78: Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
Page 81 and 82: 80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
Page 101 and 102: Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 107 and 108: Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111: Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 116 and 117: COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119: Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121: 7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123: Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125: BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127: 2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 154 and 155: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
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Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
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18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
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Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
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Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
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General Literature Borger JL, Stein
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
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25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
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Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
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Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
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GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
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Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
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JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
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Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
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Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
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Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
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April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
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Map Contributor Location Time Perio
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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
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from disease and bleaching. Disease
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Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
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Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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